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从防沙到防水 源于那一“汪”绿色

2017-08-13 09:41:51   新华网

新华社乌鲁木齐8月13日电 题:从防沙到防水 源于那一“汪”绿色

新华社记者姜磊

在塔克拉玛干沙漠和库鲁克沙漠之间,一条河蜿蜒穿过。河道两岸芦苇清幽,一簇簇红柳随风摇曳,一些凋枯假死状的胡杨枝条开始重新吐绿,新冒出来的胡杨幼苗充满生机,时而还可以看到低空盘旋的鹰和散落的羊群。

这是我国最大的内陆河——塔里木河下游的场景。塔里木河干流全长1321公里,自身不产流,历史上环塔里木盆地的阿克苏河、车尔臣河等9大水系都有水流入。

上世纪50年代以来,受气候变化等影响,多条源流相继脱离塔里木河干流。加之水资源无序开发和低效利用,源流向干流输送的水量逐年减少,导致塔里木河下游300多公里河道断流。

“27年前我刚参加工作时,这里的路况极差,漫天黄沙,基本上只有我们养路工自己走。但凡有人的地方,大多也是养路工在进行路段防沙作业。沿线几百公里没有一滴水,来往车辆特别少。”站在靠近塔里木河“尾闾”——台特马湖的218国道罗布庄段,47岁的新疆若羌公路管理分局养路工谭建军对记者说,台特马湖干涸了几十年,当年国道就建在曾经的湖区里。

如今的台特马湖碧波荡漾、水鸟翱翔。以前养路工的主要任务是防沙,现在则是防水。“没想到会有这么多水,尤其是10月底防水压力最大。”谭建军说,去年10月20日,上游来水量大,把下游400多米的国道给淹了,当天有很多汽车冲破护栏,泡在了路基下面,两边等候通行的车辆足足排了四五公里长。“我们30多位养路工就主动站到路两边的水里给过往车辆当参照物,让涉水车辆一一安全通过。而这一站,就是一整夜。”

从防沙到防水,这个“弯”拐得有点猛。弯道超车成功,得益于塔里木河流域综合治理工程。自2001年起,国家投入逾百亿元,通过实施灌区节水改造、河道治理、流域水资源统一调度管理等九大类措施,增加各源流汇入塔里木河的水量,扭转下游生态环境恶化的趋势。

截至目前,新疆已先后18次组织向塔河下游输水,下游植被恢复和改善的面积达2285平方公里,沙地面积减少854平方公里。“塔里木河下游的植物物种由17种增加至46种,以往难觅踪迹的野兔、狐狸等野生动物也越来越多。”塔里木河流域干流管理局副局长桂东伟说。

新疆生产建设兵团第二师三十四团是塔里木河下游末端的一个团场,曾因缺水一度面临人口大量流失。“团里最多时有3万多人,缺水导致生态恶化土地不能耕种,团场可耕种面积不断减少,很多职工弃种。”副团长顾义说,随着近年来上游来水增多,下游生态不断改善,越来越多职工回到团场,今年就增加了1600余人,还来了60多位大学生,团场人口逐渐恢复到17000余人。“为充分利用现有水资源,我们团18万余亩耕地全部使用节水加压灌溉设施,不但使有限的水资源得到充分利用,而且棉花、红枣的产量与经济效益得到了大幅提升。”

在218国道考干段附近,38岁的牧民图尔迪·艾麦提在河边搭建了一顶毡房。3年前,图尔迪还只有150只羊;现在水多了,草绿了,他的羊群规模达500多只。“这在来水以前想都不敢想。”一脸憨厚的图尔迪说,他的妻子陪孩子在县城读书,他要趁年轻好好挣钱培养孩子读书,“现在环境越来越好,路又修得这么好,不少游客自驾前来游玩。我想开个农家乐,生意一定不会差”。

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