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我国航天测控事业实现多阶段技术跨越

2017-08-11 18:46:44   新华网

新华社西安8月11日电(李国利、张勇)我国航天测控事业经过50年不断发展,先后实现“飞向太空、返回地面、同步定点、飞船回收、多星管理、深空探测”等多阶段技术跨越,形成独具中国特色的多功能现代化综合测控网,为我国航天事业和国民经济、科技、社会发展作出了突出贡献。

1967年6月,原国防科委组建了卫星地面测量部,即西安卫星测控中心前身,这标志着我国航天测控事业开始。

据西安卫星测控中心主任余培军介绍,50年来,一代代航天测控人白手起家、艰苦创业,胜利完成我国第一颗卫星、第一颗返回式卫星、神舟系列飞船等300多次发射测控任务,创造了我国航天史上多项第一。

——飞向太空。1970年4月24日,东方红一号卫星发射成功,我国成为世界上第五个发射卫星的国家。任务中,分布在各地的地面观测站,对卫星实施精确跟踪测量,成功预报了卫星飞临世界244个城市上空的时间和方位。

——返回地面。1975年11月26日,我国发射了第一颗返回式卫星。测控回收人员用无线电定向仪等设备,捕获了高速返回的卫星,创造了卫星回收一次成功的奇迹,我国成为继前苏联、美国之后第三个掌握卫星回收技术的国家。

——同步定点。1984年4月8日,我国发射了第一颗试验通信卫星东方红二号。测控人奋战8昼夜,成功将卫星定点于东经125度、赤道上空36000公里的地球同步轨道,我国成为世界上第五个掌握地球同步卫星测控定点技术的国家。

——飞船回收。1999年11月21日,在没有任何技术和经验借鉴的情况下,我国成功回收了神舟飞船返回舱。至今,我国11次发射神舟飞船,测控人一次次出色完成任务,先后创造了“救援人员30秒赶到落地现场”、返回舱预报落点与实际落点仅差280米等纪录。

——多星管理。随着我国在轨航天器数量增加,多星管理能力亟待提升。近年来,测控人自主研发了多星共位控制、星座构型控制、多星编队飞行等多套精密轨道控制软件,轨道计算和控制精度始终处于国际先进水平,目前已具备同期对上百颗在轨航天器实施轨道测定、状态监视、姿态调整、轨道控制和维护维修的能力。

——深空探测:在我国月球探测等工程的牵引带动下,测控人攻克了远距离跟踪测量等关键技术,测控能力实现了从地球轨道向月球、深空轨道航天器跟踪测控的重大跨越。在嫦娥一号绕月飞行中,首次使测控通信距离远达40万公里。在嫦娥二号任务中,将测控通信距离纪录扩展到了8000万公里。2013年对欧空局“金星快车”进行了跟踪测量试验,测控通信距离成功突破2.5亿公里。在嫦娥三号任务中,采用干涉测量等先进深空测量手段,确保了探测器精准落月,顺利开展月面探测等空间技术试验,为我国后续开展火星等极远星际探测奠定了基础。

余培军介绍说,近年来,在测控科技人员的不断探索之下,“二代导航数据分析中心”“宇航动力学精密轨道确定软件”等一批拥有自主知识产权的研究成果不断涌现,前瞻性基础研究和应用基础研究得到逐步加强,我国航天测控领域重大关键技术瓶颈有了新的突破,轨道确定和控制精度达到国际先进水平。

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