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【长篇通讯】塞罕坝,京城绿色屏障的前世今生

2017-08-04 11:55:22   新华网

【长篇通讯】

塞罕坝,京城绿色屏障的前世今生    

郭香玉

塞罕坝人一生的履历,就是“塞—罕—坝”三个字。

历史上,塞罕坝曾是一片绿洲,是皇家猎苑。后来,开垦伐木,逐渐变成了一望无际的荒漠,黄沙荡荡,看不到尽头。

55年,两代人,甚至三代人的坚守——

塞罕坝,从一棵树到百万亩林海,从荒漠变绿洲。

他们——塞罕坝人,用激情和生命,浇筑了京城绿色屏障……

——题记 

前世:皇家的后花园

——塞罕坝,蒙语,意为“美丽的高岭”,曾是皇家的后花园。

辽金时期,塞罕坝是绿洲一片,号称“千里松林”。森林茂密,鸟兽繁多。水草肥美,花香怡人,呈一片祥和之气。

公元1681年,清朝康熙大帝在平定了“三藩之乱”之后,巡幸塞外,看中了这块“南拱京师,北控漠北,山川险峻,里程适中”的漠南蒙古游牧地,并在此设立“木兰围场”,作为哨鹿狩猎之地。箭镞所指,威仪四海。

原始森林气候凉爽,清幽雅静、情致醉人,是闲游、静修之所。于是,自然也成了清帝避暑的风水宝地。据历史记载,自康熙二十年到嘉庆二十五年的139年间,康熙、乾隆、嘉庆三位皇帝共举行木兰秋狝105次。后来,在乌兰布通之战胜利结束后,康熙曾登临亮兵台,检阅得胜凯旋的清军将士。

塞罕坝建场前的荒原

因吏治腐败和财政颓废,内忧外患的清政府在同治二年(1863年)开围放垦,森林植被被破坏,后来又遭日本侵略者的掠夺采伐和连年山火,当年"山川秀美、林壑幽深"的胜境不复存在。

塞罕坝地处内蒙古高原浑善达克沙地南缘,而浑善达克沙地与北京的直线距离只有180公里。浑善达克沙地的海拔高度1400米左右,北京的海拔43.71米,紧邻的浑善达克、巴丹吉林等沙地沙漠继续南侵,像两头饿狮,直犯京城。

“如果这个离北京最近的沙源堵不住,那就是站在屋顶上向院里扬沙。”作家李春雷曾这样描述过。

国家气象资料表明:上世纪50年代,北京年平均沙尘天数56.2天。塞罕坝此时已是"飞鸟无栖树,黄沙遮天日"的荒凉景象。草木不见,黄沙弥漫,风起沙涌,肆虐地扑向一百多公里外的北京城。

建国初期,塞罕坝一带已经彻底荒漠化。这片昔日有“千里松林”之称的美丽高岭,已荡然无存,着实成了看不到尽头的一片荒原。

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