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人民日报:保护产权是依法治国重要标尺

2016-11-21 05:41:38   人民日报

原标题:保护产权是依法治国重要标尺

依法保护财产权,才能最大限度地激发全社会的创造力,激励和动员全体社会成员融入创新创业的大潮之中

产权制度是社会主义市场经济有效运行的基础。备受社会关注的《关于完善产权保护制度依法保护产权的意见》(以下简称《意见》),将于近期报请党中央、国务院印发实施。文件从11个方面对完善产权保护制度、推进产权保护法治化进行了全面部署。《意见》的出台,必将增强人民群众的财富安全感,增强各类主体创新创业的动力,对于实现社会公平正义、促进经济社会持续健康发展和国家长治久安具有重大而深远的意义。

“人民对美好生活的向往,就是我们的奋斗目标。”一个人拥有按照自己的方式占有、使用和处分自己合法财产的权利,是其享有自由、尊严和其他权利的前提,也是其实现美好生活的必要条件。正因如此,保护公民财产权成为我国宪法确立的一项基本准则,也成为全面深化改革和全面依法治国的重要标尺。

加强产权保护,除了不断完善制度,还需要执法理念、执法标准和执法方式的调整与转变。

保护财产权,首先要恪守物权法定原则。一切个人拥有的财产,只要是合法取得,即应得到法律的严格保护,未经正当法律程序,不得被非法侵犯和剥夺。在法治社会,一切产权的变动、限制和剥夺,都需要通过法定程序和法定方式来完成。如果国家为了公共利益确需征收征用公民、法人的财产,除应严格限定公共利益的范围和支付公平合理的补偿,还应当赋予公民寻求司法救济的权利。

保护财产权,要尊重契约自由原则。契约自由可以确保财产交换的稳定性和安全性,还可以提高全社会的信用水平,是实现个人财富增值的重要手段。在执法活动和司法实践中,要恪守政府管理与市场竞争的边界,不能将公权力凌驾于私法自治之上,不得以政府换届、领导人更替作为政府违约、毁约的抗辩理由,随意否定当事人之间的合同约定,导致公民依法享有的合同权利无法实现。

保护财产权,要加大对知识产权的保护力度。知识产权是现代社会核心竞争力的关键,也是构建国际经济秩序的战略制高点。我们只有不断加大对知识产权侵权行为的打击力度,提高法定赔偿上限,探索建立惩罚性赔偿制度,充分保护产权人依法享有的独占和垄断的专有权利,才能为实施国家创新驱动发展战略提供有力支撑。

“分已定,人虽鄙,不争。”保护财产权,必须建立和完善以审判为中心的产权归属确认体系。在执法实践中,有的案件未经人民法院终局裁判,产权存在重大争议,罪与非罪尚未确定,何为“赃物”尚未确认,涉案财物就被执法机关提前拍卖处理,导致终审判决后财产无法回转和返还。有的随意采取查封、扣押和冻结等强制措施,未给企业正常经营或“起死回生”留下必要空间和机会。因此,建立以人民法院终局裁判来确定财产所有权最终归属的解纷体系,是依法治国背景下保护财产权的必然要求。

保护财产权,单靠法律规范难以实现,还必须在全社会培养和树立正确的财富观。一切经过合法方式获得的财富都应当得到法律的严格保护。一个人依法拥有的财富越多,向国家交纳的税收越多,对社会做出的贡献就越大,理应获得全社会的普遍尊重。只有在全社会培养和树立正确的财富观,才能激发创造财富、造福社会的热情。同时,进一步加大社会征信体系建设,让一切财富的聚集、物权的变动、契约的履行变得更加公开透明,堵塞一切权力寻租、坑蒙拐骗、制假售假的漏洞,才能最终形成“以创造为荣、为财富点赞”的良好社会环境。

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