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长五火箭发动机曾4次试车失败 其中还爆炸了1次

2016-11-04 08:36:03   新华网

原标题:全新突破磨砺十年长征五号运载火箭是如何诞生的?

新华社海南文昌11月3日电题:全新突破磨砺十年长征五号运载火箭是如何诞生的?

一声惊雷,长五冲天!浓缩了中国火箭研制最高水准的最大推力新一代运载火箭长征五号3日晚从中国文昌航天发射场撼地升空。作为中国运载火箭升级换代的里程碑工程,长征五号的工程技术跨度、攻关难度以及任务实施规模在我国运载火箭研究史上堪称之最。

十年磨一“箭”。仅从2006年国家正式立项开始,就有上万航天人参与长征五号的研制,进行了上千次各类试验。而长征五号的前期论证和攻关,则要从三十年前说起。

“内需+外趋”长征家族亟需“大块头”

从1970年长征一号运载火箭发射成功以来,中国运载火箭技术从无到有,形成发射低、中、高不同类型航天器的能力。

然而受我国铁路运输的限制,现役运载火箭最大直径仅为3.35米,我国长征系列运载火箭地球同步转移轨道运载能力最大仅能达到5吨级,与12吨级的国际主流水平运载能力相比差距大,制约了我国空间技术发展。

“当时的载人航天工程尚处在论证阶段,按我国当时火箭的运载能力,无法满足未来空间站建设的需求。”航天科技集团一院长征五号运载火箭总指挥王珏说,国内重大工程的发展需要成为中国研制大型运载火箭的直接驱动。

20世纪80年代末,随着人类探索宇宙的不断深入,世界主要航天强国纷纷推出了新一代大型运载火箭,比如美国的德尔塔4和宇宙神5、欧洲的阿里安5,这些火箭多采用了5米左右大直径,少级数,运载能力全面超越我国的现役火箭。

“各国发展新一代火箭的目的,一是通过清洁推进剂的改进实现环保,二是提高运载能力,提升进入空间能力和商业竞争力。”王珏说。

内有重大工程的需要,外有各国的发展趋势,打造一枚“大块头”的火箭显得十分迫切。

1986年,在国家863计划支持下,我国开始了论证研制新一代运载火箭。

1995年,我国开展新一代运载火箭方案论证以及液氧煤油与氢氧两种大推力火箭发动机关键技术研究。

2000年,120吨级液氧煤油发动机立项研制。

2001年,50吨级液氢液氧发动机立项研制。

2006年,国务院正式批准新一代运载火箭基本型长征五号立项研制,从此开始长达10年的攻坚磨砺。

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