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聚焦中国核燃料后处理:万吨乏燃料咋成了烫手山芋

2016-10-16 17:52:10   科技日报

原标题:万吨核反应堆乏燃料为啥成了烫手山芋

院士痛陈核燃料后处理研发与工艺装备严重滞后

本报记者张晔

“在核燃料后处理上我们是一个后进的国家,这不得不承认。”

虽然,朱永公式院士手拿话筒有些颤抖,但他的语气却异常冷静:“多年来,我国对核燃料循环后段处理缺乏系统研究,没有顶层科学规划,研究力量分散,基础研究缺乏支持,这样下去势必影响核电站的可持续发展。”

今年10月16日,是我国第一颗原子弹试验成功52周年。15日,朱院士与其他9位核化学与放射化学界院士相聚在北京应物会议中心,他们理应拍手相庆,但是一说起我国的核燃料后处理的现状,气氛一下子变得严肃起来。

而在今年8月,中法合作核循环项目在连云港拟选厂址一事引起了当地居民强烈反对,最终地方政府宣布永久停止该项目的选址规划。

我国首个商业核电站1991年就投入运行,为何到今天还在为乏燃料处理厂选址困惑?朱院士痛陈的问题其根源又在哪?多位院士和专家向科技日报记者阐述观点。

乏燃料是“魔鬼”吗

乏燃料,是指在反应堆内燃烧过的核燃料,经过一定的时间从反应堆内卸出。乏燃料并非核废料。其中仍有95%的铀没有燃烧,同时还会产生一些新核素,如1%的钚和4%的其他核素。

到2020年,我国预计建成5800万千瓦核反应堆机组,每年产生的乏燃料超过1000吨,乏燃料累计总量约1万吨。

“诺贝尔奖获得者伯顿·里克特曾经写过一篇讨论核能的文章《两个魔鬼之间》,我们干的就是降妖除魔的事。”清华大学教授陈靖形象地说。

乏燃料具有很强的放射性,如果处置不当将引发难以估量的灾难。对于这个“魔鬼”,国际上有两种办法:一是永久禁锢在地下,二是“招安”部分可用之才。

“美国耗资1000亿美元在尤卡山挖了一个几百米深的地下储藏基地,但是到2015年,储量已经达到75%,过不了几年就要装满了,接下来怎么办?”陈靖反问道。因此,自奥巴马上任后,美国政府就暂停向尤卡山继续存放乏燃料,另寻出路。

而我国人多地少的国情决定了环境容量更为有限,把问题留给后代既不负责也不现实。

如何锁紧“潘多拉魔盒”

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