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航天专家:中国已具备开展载人登月基本能力

2016-09-16 06:16:29   军报记者网

记者:“家”是中国人梦想中最动人的部分,太空“中国家”连着中国梦。这几年,从实现载人天地往返、突破航天员出舱活动技术到掌握空间飞行器交会对接技术……太空家园的梦想正在紧锣密鼓的脚步声中一次次开花。

周建平:可以说是好戏连台。今年6月25日,长征七号运载火箭在海南首飞。9月15日,天宫二号发射。10月,两名男性航天员将乘坐神舟十一号载人飞船进入太空,在天宫二号里面驻留30天。明年上半年,天舟一号货运飞船将访问天宫二号,为其补加推进剂并验证空间站货物运输系统技术……空间站目前虽然还面临很多挑战,需要突破很多新的技术,但只要明年空间实验室任务一完成,我国就会进入空间站建设阶段,真正进入“空间站时间”。计划2018年,我国将发射空间站核心舱。

记者:可以预见,到那时,这个“家”将变得越来越大。

周建平:未来中国空间站总体构型是3个舱段,一个核心舱、两个实验舱,每个舱都是20吨级,整体呈T字构型。从体量上看,要比国际空间站规模小一些,最多对接两艘载人飞船和一艘货运飞船。但我们建造空间站有后发优势,信息技术、再生环保、新能源、自动化和人工智能等先进技术,将综合体现在中国空间站上,不仅信息化程度更高,运行经济性也会更好,届时会大幅降低对地面运输的需求。

空间站建成后,设计额定容纳一个乘组3名航天员。由于空间站需要连续性驻人,将会采取乘组轮换制,因此空间站里最多能达到6名航天员。航天员驻留时间也会根据任务情况决定。此外,我们的空间站是可扩展的,将根据科学研究和国际合作的需要,在现在的构成基础上进一步提高它的能力。

记者:有了空间站,载人航天的梦想会不会进一步延伸?国际上,科学家和航天工程师都有一个共识火星是人类应该追求探索的重要目标。请您谈谈这方面的看法。

周建平:火星探索是一个非常复杂的工程。虽然中国的火星探测器已进入研制阶段,但就现阶段而言,载人登录火星面临巨大的技术挑战,载人登月才是离人类更近的目标。实现载人登月,将是登陆火星之前必须要走的途径。目前我国载人航天连战连捷,探月工程已实现了绕落目标,2017年嫦娥五号将进行月球采样返回任务。当然,载人登月技术更复杂,规模也更大,要实现这一目标,我国在技术上仍然面临许多挑战:需要更大运载能力的火箭、着陆月球并从其上返回的飞行器和新型飞船……但从技术上讲,中国航天具备了开展载人登月研发的基本能力。

记者:随着中国载人航天更富有想象力梦想的展开,海南文昌航天发射场会不会接力酒泉卫星发射中心成为我国第二个载人航天发射场?

周建平:根据计划,中国空间站及货运飞船等,都将在新建成的海南文昌航天发射场发射,这些飞行器在发射时是不载人的。如果实施载人登月工程,海南文昌航天发射场从技术上是更好的选择,因为其地理纬度较低,但现在的载人航天发射还是选择在酒泉。

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