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原标题:我国社保缴费率存在阶段性下调空间(热点辨析)
杨宜勇
《人民日报》(2016年08月26日07版)
在当前经济下行压力加大的情况下,降低社会保险缴费率是降低企业成本的一项重要举措。有人担心,降低社保缴费率会导致职工福利待遇缩水。其实,我国社保缴费率高是由多种因素造成的,当前存在阶段性下调空间。只要采取有针对性的措施,就不会导致职工福利待遇缩水。
社保缴费率高是由多种因素导致的
受人口老龄化影响,主要社会保险制度的赡养结构呈现持续老化态势,带动缴费率高企。我国各项社会保险制度普遍采用现收现付制,退休职工的养老金和医疗费用报销均来源于单位和在职职工缴费,而职工养老和职工医疗保险缴费又占到五项社会保险缴费的绝大部分,所以,社会保险制度的筹资水平对人口年龄结构变化非常敏感。随着人口老龄化程度逐步提高,离退休职工人数的增速快于在职职工人数的增速,导致养老和医疗保险制度赡养率(制度内领取保险金的人数与缴纳保险费的人数之比)攀升,缴费率自然走高。
社会保险制度不完善,在一定程度上抬高了缴费率水平。社会保险险种设计繁复,资金使用效率不高,社保基金地区间调剂能力不强,也在一定程度上提高了社保缴费率。我国针对劳动者可能面临的各种风险分别设计了不同的社会保险项目,但险种设计繁复导致对同类风险重复保障,失业保险、工伤保险、生育保险等险种基金大量结余,缴费未能得到充分使用。各项社会保险的统筹层次偏低,养老保险以省(区、市)为单位制定缴费政策和领取办法,医疗保险等险种则是地市统筹、分级管理,形成社会保障的逆向转移支付格局,地区间风险平衡能力差,出现部分地区缴费结余而部分地区需要财政补贴的现象,造成资金浪费。
缴费基数调整与在岗职工社会平均工资增长关联,导致中小企业名义费率与真实社保缴费负担背离。各地普遍以社会平均工资为社保缴费基数,由于社会平均工资往往高于中小企业职工实际工资收入,因而中小企业所负担的实际缴费率高于名义缴费率。近些年,以社会平均工资为基数的社保缴费连年上涨,进一步加重了中小企业的负担。以北京市为例,2015年7月,养老、失业两个险种的职工缴费基数下限不低于2585元,医疗、工伤和生育保险的缴费基数下限不低于3878元,而同期北京市最低工资标准仅为每月1720元,这意味着中小企业的实际社会保险负担水平远高于名义缴费率。
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