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人民日报刊文:延迟退休对青年就业影响小

2016-08-10 06:42:29   人民日报

原标题:延迟退休对青年就业影响小(新论)

郑东亮

《 人民日报 》( 2016年08月10日 05 版)

近来,社会对延迟退休年龄议论颇多,担心延迟退休政策极大地影响就业。“老年人不退,不腾岗位,年轻人怎么就业呢?”然而,只要认真研究分析延迟退休的制度设计,就能发现它对就业的影响没人们想象中那么大。

从节奏上看,延迟退休将实行“小步慢走”而非“一步到位”,每年只延迟几个月,影响人数非常有限,不会对劳动力需求产生大的冲击,因此,对就业的总体影响小且缓和。

更何况,延迟退休并非所有群体同步推行,而是从目前退休年龄相对偏低的群体开始逐步实施。这一政策的推出时机,实际上充分考虑了我国人口老龄化和劳动力变化的状况。从2012年开始,我国劳动年龄人口逐步减少,2030年之后,减少幅度还将进一步加大。从2011年高峰期的9亿多,减少到2050年的7亿左右,劳动年龄人口减少的趋势,显然会和延迟退休对就业的影响,产生对冲效应。

实际上,劳动力市场的新陈代谢,远不是“老的不退休,年轻的别想进”。即使不实行延迟退休,有些行业、一些单位因为缺工,本来就有相当部分劳动者退而不休。根据2010年第六次全国人口普查数据,6064岁的城镇男性劳动者还在工作的有近1/3,且从第五次人口普查以来呈提高趋势。因此,从总量上看,即使延迟退休导致老年劳动力留在市场中,并不一定就会减少年轻人进入。

老年劳动力和青年劳动力并非完全的替代关系,还存在互补关系。一些旧有的工作,年轻人未必“看得上”,同时也可能是“做不了”。这些领域的老年人退休了,不但他们所从事的工作没人做,甚至也会导致劳动力市场上的结构性短缺,使得一些工作没有足够的人能做。比如,我国健康医疗产业发展迅速,却严重缺少医生,缺少护理人员;还有一些工作没有足够的人愿意去做,比如养老服务业。可见,延退占用的就业岗位,和青年的就业愿景重合度不一定很高。随着技术进步、劳动生产率提高和产业结构调整,产生了许多适合青年进入的新行业或职业。在这个意义上讲,青年的就业机会,主要还是决定于经济发展和转型升级,以及青年群体的就业方向与能力。

随着受教育年限的延长,劳动者的工作年限实际上被隐性地缩短了,这将导致社会总体劳动力资源减少更多。而渐进式的延迟退休,是维持“人口红利”的一种方式。在产业结构提升、劳动条件改善的情况下,老年劳动者可胜任的工作岗位其实变多了,如果未老先退、能干先休,这是对社会人力资源的巨大浪费。对于劳动者而言,按照养老保险多缴多得的机制,退休金收入也不会有大的影响。

我们也应该看到,延迟退休对大龄劳动者特别是技能单一的大龄女性劳动者就业,有一定影响。为此,我们需要开发更多的适合岗位,采取有针对性的就业扶持政策支持这些劳动者就业,同时加强对大龄劳动者的权益保障。只有配套政策措施更完备,实施延迟退休政策的积极效益才能更好地释放出来。

(作者为人社部劳动科学研究所所长)

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