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评论:实验“无法重复”未必等于学者造假

2016-08-01 03:02:32   新京报

■ 观察家

日前,多位外国科学家表示无法重复韩春雨的实验结果,希望其公开原始数据。造成这样现象的原因很多,或许韩春雨出于竞争、专利等原因而留了一手。

7月29日,来自澳大利亚、美国、西班牙等国的多位科学家公开表示,无法重复韩春雨NgAgo系统的基因组编辑结果,建议发表韩春雨论文的《自然-生物技术》杂志介入,要求韩春雨公开原始数据。

韩春雨利用NgAgo基因编辑系统对目前如日中天的CRISPR技术提出了挑战。研究结果显示,该系统具有向导设计制作简便、特异性高、脱靶率低等明显优势,除了被称为颠覆性的第四代基因编辑技术外,韩春雨的研究结果还被誉为“诺奖级成果”。

然而,按照科学研究和发现的规律,如果一种科学事实、现象、假说、结果等被首次观察到,那么其后应当有不同的研究人员在相似和相同的条件和环境 下重复出这一研究结果,才能证明这个研究的结论是真实可靠的。目前,韩春雨的研究就处于这个阶段,即还没有其他研究人员和实验室重复出韩春雨的研究结果。

更让人担心的是,不止一个实验室发现无论体内还是体外实验,都无法检测出NgAgo的核酸内切酶活性,如果NgAgo没有活性,怎么会有韩春雨论文所说的那么好的编辑效果?

其他科研人员目前没能重复出韩春雨的研究结果可能有很多原因。比如,可能有人已经重复出来了,正在提交论文和审稿的过程中,不久就会发表出来。 或者是,韩春雨出于保密的原因而隐藏了某种关键步骤或细节,以致很多研究人员重复不出与他相似或相同的结果。这些都是中国人的良好希望。

而在7月29日发长文质疑NgAgo结果的澳大利亚国立大学研究者盖坦·布尔焦并非是在指责韩春雨造假,他所持的态度是具有建设性的,即与其追 逐发表高影响因子的文章并且神神秘秘,不如“开放和分享我们的结果,以帮助每个人都避免在不可重复和没有意义的实验上浪费时间。在我看来,科学应该以这种 方式进行”。

所以,现在需要韩春雨出面公开解释这一切。中国人最不希望的是,出现一个与日本的小保方晴子相似的结局,研究结果造假,导致小保方的导师笹井芳 树自杀和日本科研的名誉扫地。即便如此,一个还算能保全面子的说法是,小保方只是偶尔得出了挤压和酸性环境也可以让普通细胞诱变,成为具有干细胞性质的多 能细胞(万能细胞)。同样,也许是韩春雨偶尔得出NgAgo系统具有更好的基因编辑功能,从而把它当成一种常态。

这也是当今科学研究领域的方向迷失之一,更多的人在追求假阳性结果,无视统计学的要求,把也许20次、30次实验中才可能偶然发生一次的结果当 成阳性。但这无疑是一种假阳性。假阳性的出现在于“锻造”和“炮制”,即隐瞒部分数据、不公布实验条件以及数据处理过程、在算法上做文章使之符合显著性标 准等,从而使得不合理的学术现象发生的几率超出了50%。

谁都不希望是这样的结果。或许,韩春雨出于种种原因,如竞争、日后的专利以及国家机密等,可能留了一手。如果公开了,一切都会迎刃而解,真相大白。

□张田勘(学者)

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