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专家谈火腿致:增加致癌机率不等于因果关系

2015-10-27 01:19:12   中国新闻网

中新网北京10月27日电 (陈伊昕) 北京时间26日晚间,世界卫生组织的一份最新报告将加工肉制品列为“一类致癌物”。专家表示,对于这一结论应科学解读,一类致癌物和其致癌性 没有直接关系,也并不意味着它就是强致癌物质。加工肉制品如适量摄入,其有害物质可被身体正常地代谢掉,但是,如果是长期大量食用,患病的几率就或将增 加。

  一类致癌物≠吃了就致癌

据外媒报道,世界卫生组织旗下的国际癌症研究机构26日发布的最新报告中,把热狗、火腿等加工肉制品列为1A级“一类致癌物”,同在“一类致癌物”列表中的有烟草、石棉和柴油发动机尾气等。

所谓加工肉制品,即经过烟熏、腌渍、添加化学物等方式处理的肉制品。在该报告正式发布之前,疯传网络的消息中,“火腿培根致癌,与砒霜同级”等表述曾引发舆论热议。

对此,中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院营养与食品安全系副教授范志红对中新网记者表示,这种说法不正确,“所谓一类致癌物,是指在致癌方面有比较可靠的证据,但这跟致癌性、毒性有多大没有直接的关系。”范志红同时指出,摄入加工肉制品会增加患上很多疾病的风险,这也不是什么新闻,而是常识。

此前,世界卫生组织下属的“国际癌症研究机构”曾将物质的致癌程度分为五级,依次为:致癌、较可能致癌、可能致癌、致癌度不确定和可能不致癌。

中国农业大学食品科学与营养工程学院教授罗云波告诉中新网记者,一类致癌物并非是指它就是非常强的致癌物质,不能说它就是最厉害的致癌物。这种分类方法是根据致癌的明确性和可能性来分类的,而非致癌的强度来定义的。

  “增加患癌几率”≠直接因果关系

根据这份最新报告,吃加工肉例如培根、香肠以及火腿,的确可能增加患癌的风险。一天吃50克的加工肉,即两片培根,可以增加患结直肠癌18%的几率。

罗云波表示,“增加患癌几率”并不意味着吃加工肉制品与患癌之间的因果关系。“加工肉制品中含有致癌物质,并不代表吃了这种食物一定会患癌,要 看是什么吃法。如果摄入量不多,身体的代谢机能会把相关的有害物质代谢掉,所以并不会因为吃些许加工肉制品就会得癌症。当然,如果是长期大量地食用,可能 患病的几率会增加。”

“就像吃盐,盐多了会造成血管硬化等问题,但是没有盐也不行。一切有量效关系,量不是足够多,积累的量如果可以代谢掉,还可以吃。如果有毒有害物质在体内积累的速度大于它分解的速度,那可能是危险的。”罗云波说。

对于此前舆论中关于“火腿培根致癌”等标签化的信息,罗云波认为这应当科学地解读,以避免造成大众恐慌。此外,癌症的个体差异很大,目前科学研究得出的一些结论,还是要在实践当中慢慢验证。

“目前食品加工也逐渐改进工艺,添加剂,尤其是致病的添加剂在减少,越来越多采用绿色的加工方法。”罗云波说。

范志红也表示,肠癌是一个常发的癌症,也是在中国发病率上升较快的癌症之一。不过,患肠癌并非由这一个因素所左右,“为什么有人得癌症,而有些人没有得?是因为这些人的生活习惯里有一些容易把癌招来的坏习惯。” 范志红说。

  红肉被归为“疑似致癌物” 如何健康吃肉?

根据报告,牛肉、羊肉和猪肉等红肉类被归类为“疑似致癌物2A级”,和其在同一列表中的有草甘膦。2A组物质意味着可能对人体有致癌性,而1组物质代表与癌症有明确关联。

对于无肉不欢的“食肉爱好者”,罗云波表示,保持健康要做到膳食平衡,“没有肉也是不行的,同时也要合理摄入碳水化合物、维生素和膳食纤维等。”

范志红建议,吃肉要注意新鲜,且应当是在正规商店购买经过卫生检疫的肉类。国家推荐的量是平均每人每天摄入一两到一两半,即50克至75克。

“少量吃,是增加营养。过多摄入肉类,不仅会增加患肠癌的风险,还有诸如高血压、心脏病等风险。每样食物,都有其健康合理的摄入量范围。”

至于腊肠、熏肉等加工类肉制品,范志红说,“这些本来就应该是偶尔才吃的东西,不能顿顿吃。”(完)

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