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法媒:南苏丹内战致30多万人死亡 高层斗争无解

2017-09-26 03:15:42   参考消息网

(原标题:法媒称南苏丹内战已致30多万人死亡:高层权力斗争无解)


资料图片:南苏丹难民营内的儿童。

参考消息网9月26日报道法国《费加罗报》9月15日报道称,这是非洲最严重的难民危机,也是全球危害最大的战争之一。将世界上最年轻的国家南苏丹撕裂的这场危机堪比肆虐叙利亚的危机,因为它让近400万人流离失所,估计死亡人数超过了30万。然而,它依然几乎完全不被人所知。这场冲突的焦点就是总统萨尔瓦·基尔和前副总统里克·马沙尔两位老战友之间的私人争斗,他们个人贪得无厌的野心正在毁灭这个刚刚诞生不久的国家。

然而,南苏丹的历史却始于一场胜利,因为在2011年7月的公投之后,喀土穆同意了南苏丹独立,允许这个基督教徒占多数的地区在经历了半个世纪的武装斗争后组成一个主权国家。不幸的是,迎接建国的欢乐气氛持续时间很短。很快,身为丁卡族的萨尔瓦·基尔和努维尔人里克·马沙尔之间的紧张关系浮出水面。在没有共同敌人将南苏丹精英们团结在一起的情况下,他们为了掌控权力而互相厮打。2013年12月,基尔指控马沙尔谋划政变。双方的支持者们在首都朱巴发生激烈冲突,让南苏丹陷入内战。从此,国际社会一直试图找到解决冲突的办法,但没能成功。

2016年4月,一项蹩脚的和平协议允许马沙尔重返朱巴,而他之前在埃塞尔比亚流亡了几年。可是,和平协议没能坚持下来。基尔及其支持者拒绝放弃垄断权力,并且不合作。首都在7月重新成为血腥冲突的战场。处于弱势的马沙尔及其军队被迫逃离至刚果民主共和国,马沙尔最后在那里被联合国驻刚果维和部队所救。

今天,找到解决办法的机会似乎越来越渺茫。首要障碍就是搞清楚流亡南非的马沙尔是否有可能是和平进程的组成部分。南苏丹问题研究员艾伦·博斯韦尔解释说,“外交官们通过将他软禁在南非,而尝试着将其排除在外,但这行不通,并且只会加强其作为反对者的地位。在基尔和马沙尔之间不存在解决冲突的办法。只有一个总统职位,而两个人都想要得到它”。

这还只是问题的开始。南苏丹是一个未完成的国家,没有需要和解和牢固制度基础的国家身份。今天,政府的权力无法超出朱巴范围,但冲突却在蔓延。把丁卡族人和努维尔人之间的种族分裂当成工具现在又加进了其他少数民族如希鲁克族和卡库瓦人,他们的族长组建了民兵,进一步肢解南苏丹人之间的关系。博斯韦尔认为,“今天,把冲突当成双方权力斗争的任何和平进程都将失败”。

在这些内部权力斗争中,男人、女人及孩子们都在忍受最糟糕的情况:凶杀、强暴和颠沛流离。四分五裂的家庭、沦为灰烬的村庄、被这些犯罪摧毁的社团总有一天要找到重建的力量。而随着每一次新冲突的到来,这一工作变得更加艰难,甚至或许是不可能的。

责任编辑:穆启春 CN063
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