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美国不是世界贸易受害者 无权指责他国应找自身原因

2017-09-08 01:44:24   参考消息

参考消息网9月7日报道 法媒称,今年在杰克逊谷地,货币政策并没有显而易见地成为8月24日至26日举行的全球央行行长议会的头等大事。美联储主席珍妮特·耶伦强调了自2008年危机以来制定规章政策的改变。欧洲央行行长马里奥·德拉吉则长时间地提到欧洲必须继续改革,旨在支持近来的经济复兴。

法国《世界报》9月7日刊登题为《美国不是世界贸易的受害者》的文章,作者为哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院国际金融教授卡门·莱因哈特。文章称,国际金融和世界贸易不平衡成了主要话题。古老的谚语“万变不离其宗”也恰好适用于这里。近40年来,美国一直都是世界其他国家资金的引进国。从20世纪开始时起直至20世纪80年代初,它相反却鲜少有过对外日常项目收支逆差。日常项目收支平衡体现出一个经济体的储蓄和投资平衡,当储蓄超过投资,会出现盈余,相关经济体变成了世界其他国家的出借人。这曾是美国自第一次世界大战结束以来的情况。

文章称,1987年,经济学家弗雷德·伯格斯滕成为最早指出这种颠覆的人之一。他认为,“美国作为战后经济体系的创建者以及全球最重要货币的摇篮,已经成为人类史上最大的债务国。日本仅仅在一代人之前还在很大程度上被视为发展中国家,如今已变成最大的债权国”。

例如日本曾被认定是对全球贸易不平衡负有最主要的责任,1986年其日常项目收支盈余已占其国内生产总值的4%,当时其央行积攒的美国国库券创下了纪录。东京不得不对向美国的一些出口采取“自愿”上限,并且根据1985年底的广场协议,促使策划了日本对美元升值。上世纪80年代末,日元坚挺,日本不动产和债券气泡破裂,经济增长率一落千丈。

差不多与此同时,韩国作为美国贸易逆差的主要罪人短时间浮出水面。在1987年至1988年间,其日常项目收支顺差已经超过其国内生产总值的6%,而且该国被怀疑操纵货币。

文章称,一些类似的指控已经瞄准了中国,而中国因为基于出口的强劲经济增长、大量购买美国国库券以及它固定的利率,今天依然是身居讨论全球贸易不平衡的中心。当然,操纵货币和采取不正当贸易做法是关键因素,至少在某些阶段是这样的。但中国盈余的减少比预测的更快,在2006年至2008年间高到占国内生产总值近10%之后,目前大约在1%至2%之间。

然而,当中国的盈余在减少时,德国的盈余则创下了纪录。美国总统特朗普有关德国采取所谓不正当贸易做法的讲话显得十分空洞。而且在柏林并没有自己的货币的情况下,谈论操纵货币是很荒诞的。此外,德国并不是唯一保持一贯外贸盈余的发达经济体。2017年奥地利、丹麦、爱尔兰、日本、卢森堡、荷兰、挪威、瑞典和瑞士与它们各自的国内生产总值相比也都属于和德国同样的情况。除了中国,亚洲其他国家也一样。

文章称,美国自差不多两代人时间以来出现了日常项目收支逆差,并且自上世纪80年代以来只经历过3年的外贸盈余。指责那些贸易盈余的国家不再有任何意义。美国的税收政策支持家庭负债牺牲储蓄,而且劳动生产率明显下降如今影响了美国的竞争力。

文章称,正如伊桑·伊尔泽茨基、肯尼思-罗戈夫和作者本人所表明的那样,缺少可替代的选择让美元的地位如同全球无可争议的重要储备货币,这为美国日常项目收支逆差筹措资金提供了便利条件。然而,如此容易之举并不意味着这是个好主意。

责任编辑:任冲 CN062
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