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白色污染有救了?有种虫子竟能吃塑料!(组图)

2017-04-26 14:48:43   环球时报

新华网北京4月26日电据统计,每年全球大约生产8000万吨聚乙烯用作购物袋和食品包装袋等日常生活用品。然而,聚乙烯完全降解需要数百年。

仅在欧洲,聚乙烯就占据了全部塑料制品的40%。在欧盟范围内,38%的塑料制品直接被垃圾填埋。这对生态环境、特别是海洋生物构成严重危害。

如今,西班牙和英国科研人员对如何快速降解塑料有了惊喜发现:被养蜂业视为害虫的大蜡螟的幼虫,居然能直接吃掉并消化聚乙烯。

按英国广播公司说法,科研人员认为这一发现有望成为解决塑料污染的关键。

偶然发现

据法新社24日报道,西班牙坎塔夫里亚生物医学和生物技术学院的生物学家费德丽卡·贝尔托基尼偶然在家中获此发现。

爱好养蜂的她在清理蜂巢时,用塑料袋把在其中偷吃蜂蜡的虫子装在一起,没想到“过了一会儿,我看见袋子上全是洞,虫子到处爬”。

惊讶于大蜡螟“吃货”幼虫对塑料的“战斗力”,贝尔托基尼联合英国剑桥大学的生化学家保罗·邦贝利的科研小组,共同开展对这种幼虫的研究,以确定它们究竟能以多快的速度,消耗多少对环境有害的塑料。

结果惊人

大蜡螟的幼虫原来只被用作鱼饵。科研人员进行的第一项实验是,把数百只虫子放在一只塑料袋上,结果不到40分钟,袋子上已开始出现小洞。12个小时后,虫子已吃掉92毫克的塑料制品,比用真菌和细菌进行生物降解的速率要快得多。

第二项实验则确认,这种幼虫能将塑料大餐完全消化,并将其化学成分分解。

第三项实验的结果更惊人:将捣碎的幼虫放在塑料袋上,也能得出类似结果,这说明幼虫体内的某种酶或其他特定物质是塑料的克星。

贝尔托基尼认为,幼虫的唾腺或它们内脏中的共生细菌,能产生这种能消化塑料的物质。

不过,目前尚不清楚这种物质是单一酶还是多分子化合物。

解决污染

在解释为何这种幼虫能消化塑料时,贝尔托基尼说,大蜡螟传统意义上以蜂蜡为食,而蜡是种聚合物,相当于“自然界的塑料”,与聚乙烯的化学结构“多有相似”。

为应对塑料污染问题,贝尔托基尼认为,“将数百万只幼虫放到塑料袋上肯定不可行”。目前科研人员仍需确定这种能分解塑料的特定物质,并据此人工生产活性剂。

该研究已发表在美国《当代生物学》期刊上。研究人员在文章中写道:“我们计划将这一发现转化成解决塑料垃圾的有效方法,从无可避免的塑料累积所产生的后果中,把我们的海洋、河流等整个环境拯救出来。”

文章还说:“不过,我们也不应因为知道如何生物降解聚乙烯,就故意将其丢弃到环境中。”(记者海洋,新华国际客户端报道)

责任编辑:孙鑫鑫 CN066
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