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人工智能:拥抱变革守护价值

2017-04-26 09:19:52   环球时报

在过去数年里,人工智能领域各种创新技术大批涌现,并在自动驾驶、语音和图像识别、医疗诊断、智力竞技运动等领域取得关键突破,人们曾经只能在科幻电影中畅想的智能场景正在悄然来临,一个充满无限可能的智能时代已经全面开启。

几度起落的人工智能

人工智能在科学领域不是一个新概念。早在半个世纪以前,以图灵、维纳、麦卡锡、香农等为代表的计算机科学巨擘们就开始了对人工智能的科学探索。图灵在1950年发表的论文《计算机器和智能》中就率先提出了“机器能思考吗”这一人工智能的基本命题,并设计了著名的“图灵测试”——如果一台机器能够与人类展开对话而不被辨别出其机器身份,那么这台机器就是智能的,这也成为第一个从科学层面界定人工智能标准的研究。同一时期,维纳提出了著名的“控制论”,探讨了机器与人的统一性——人或机器都是通过反馈完成某种目的,揭示了用机器模拟人的可能性,为人工智能的提出奠定了重要基础。1955年麦卡锡与明斯基、香农等人作为共同发起人,邀请一批学者在美国达特茅斯学院共同讨论人工智能,并使用人工智能(Artificial Intelligence)这一术语,人工智能科学研究由此兴起。

尽管人工智能一直备受科学界的关注,但由于计算能力、算法和数据等基础技术条件的制约,人工智能技术和商业发展并非一帆风顺,甚至一度陷入低谷。直到1997年5月,IBM计算机系统“深蓝”战胜了国际象棋世界冠军卡斯帕罗夫,再次引发全球对人工智能的关注。此后,加拿大多伦多大学希尔顿教授在以深度学习为技术主线的人工智能领域取得关键突破,人工智能开始在自然语言处理、语音识别、图像识别、机器翻译、欺诈检测、产品推荐等方面得到应用,加上移动互联网、云计算、大数据、物联网等不断成熟并形成技术群落效应,为人工智能的技术突破提供了技术环境。谷歌、微软、IBM、Facebook、百度、腾讯等一批IT巨头也因此预见到了人工智能的商业曙光,加快了人工智能的产业布局。2016年10月,美国时任总统奥巴马在白宫前沿峰会上发布报告《国家人工智能研究和发展战略计划》,这项被称为美国新“阿波罗登月计划”的战略规划,标志着美国政府对人工智能的重视,人工智能走到了突破的拐点。

国外一些专家根据人工智能发展阶段和水平将人工智能分为弱人工智能(Artificial Narrow Intelligence,ANI)、强人工智能(Artificial General Intelligence,AGI)和超人工智能(Artificial Super Intelligence,ASI)三个阶段,弱人工智能擅长单方面能力,比如只具备下棋的智能;强人工智能是指在各方面都具备和人类相同认知能力的人工智能;超人工智能是指在所有领域超越人类智慧的极限。总体来看,目前人类人工智能还处于弱人工智能向强人工智能迈进的阶段。

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