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算算日本每年究竟需要向美国缴纳多少“保护费”?

2016-11-17 16:18:36   新华网

新华网北京11月17日电针对美国当选总统唐纳德·特朗普在竞选期间要求日本“全额”承担驻日美军费用的表态,日本首相安倍晋三与防卫大臣稻田朋美近日陆续发声,拒绝负担更多。日本每年究竟需要向美国缴纳多少“保护费”?《读卖新闻》16日援引防卫省内部数据报道,日本一年承担的美军驻留经费近7600亿日元(1美元约合109.7日元),在美国盟国中列首位,已接近现行制度下的极限。

【名目多、数额大】

1960年缔结的《日美地位协定》划分了日美在驻留相关经费上的承担责任。根据协定,日本需向驻日美军提供“设施和场地”,包括向土地所有者支付场地租赁费并提供一定补偿;美国则需承担美军驻日期间的维持经费,包括向美军军属发放的人工费、向基地雇佣的日本工人发放的劳务费以及美军驻留期间产生的其他维持费用。协定规定的义务负担经费在日本被称为“基本部分”。

据防卫省官网公开的“在日美军相关经费2016年度预算”,该部门2016年度为这一部分划拨的预算为1852亿日元。发给地方的补偿金由总务省负责,2016年度该项预算为355亿日元。基地和演习场等的场地租金预算单列一项,2015年度该预算为1658亿日元。

2015年10月1日,轮换的美国海军“华盛顿”号核动力航空母舰抵达日本横须贺基地。(新华/美联)

日本对美国驻军经费的负担并不止于此。从上世纪70年代起,随着日本经济实力的增强,美国要求日本提供更多驻军经费支持。当时的日本政治家为这部分协定之外的负担取名为“体贴预算”,意在体谅当时美国因国内经济形势恶化、日元汇率高导致的驻留经费支出高涨情况。《读卖新闻》16日援引防卫省数据报道,2016年度“体贴预算”为1920亿日元,其中包括基地雇佣日本工人的基本工资和社保福利费、水电费、取暖费等。目前,约有2.5万人在驻日美军基地从事餐饮、设备检修等工作,其中九成人的工资由日本负担。

除此之外,为减轻冲绳基地负担采取的措施所产生的费用也由日方承担,包括减轻噪音以及美军向日本返还部分基地带来的设备转移乃至新建替代基地的费用。2016年度这部分经费预算为28亿日元。美军整编相关费用也落到日本头上。部分冲绳驻日美军向关岛转移的费用、驻日美军自身整编以及美军航母舰载机部队搬迁等经费日本都需分担,2016年度这部分预算为1766亿日元。

冲绳普天间美军基地。(新华/美联)

《读卖新闻》综合所有日本承担的美军驻留经费后计算出,日本一年要向美国缴纳的“保护费”接近7600亿日元,达到驻日美军经费支出的54%,远高于美国其他同盟国如韩国、德国的负担比例,位居首位。根据防卫省测算数据,韩、德对美军驻留经费的负担为20%左右。

【逼近极限】

特朗普在竞选期间曾表示,如果自己当选,将要求日本和韩国“百分之百”负担美国驻军的费用。他当时说,如果这些国家不愿意负担更多费用,美国就应该“准备走人”,即从当地撤军。对此,日本首相安倍晋三14日表示,驻日美军经费应由日美“合理”分担。日本防卫大臣稻田朋美11日也说,日方为此负担已经足够,不会再多掏钱。“在现行制度下,日本的负担已经接近极限,”一名防卫省官员向《读卖新闻》说。

责任编辑:穆启春 CN063
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