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英媒:联军轰炸未能削弱IS财力 石油生意仍活跃

2015-10-16 09:34:30   中国新闻网

中新网10月16日电据英国媒体15日报道,一年的轰炸,超过10600次攻击,加上一支由60多个国家组成的联军,始终没能对“伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国”(IS)的战争金库造成重创,因为ISIS每年的石油收入高达5亿美元。石油是ISIS的主要收入来源。

文章称,来自油田工人的生产数据(对照西方的情报估计之后)显示,在IS控制的区域,每日石油产量为3.4万至4万桶,每日创收最高达153万美元。

西方高级外交官和情报官表示,近来对圣战分子财力的重估显示,他们并未被削弱到作战行动受限的地步。对美国领导的对ISIS的打击来说,这是一次引人注目的承认失败。

这一结论得到英国《金融时报》一项调查中数十次采访的证实。英国《金融时报》采访了叙利亚和伊拉克境内与ISIS赚钱机器相关的人士。IS的石油收入超过了来自税收、勒索和买卖盗窃文物等其他途径的收入。

分析称,联军、欧洲、中东和华盛顿方面的高官表示,IS已针对空袭调整了作战方式,并经营着逍遥法外的贸易网,从油井中攫取了巨款,仿佛自己是一家国家石油公司。“今年,我们估计他们一个月就能(从石油中)赚到4000万美元,”一名美国官员表示,“即便在空袭之后也是如此。”

在联军对IS的炼油厂和石油管道连番轰炸之后,IS的石油生意仍然活跃,这凸显了其对手在削弱其实力时面临的挑战。

这与“九一一”事件后美国及其盟国在削弱基地组织(al-Qaeda)财力时取得的成功形成了反差。跟基地组织不同的是,IS能从控制区域内产生所需的多数资金,而且并不依赖秘密的外部筹款。

接近叙利亚油田的当地人表示,石油如今是通过数百个小型临时设施炼制出来的,有些情况下,原油就在露天矿坑里烧。“我们没能像预想那样破坏他们的石油收入,”一名欧洲高级情报官表示,“无论我们摧毁什么,他们都能有效地修复。”

在数十处保留下来的设施中,有很多处的经营者是不隶属于IS恐怖组织的当地人。在IS控制区内各处运送原油和成品油的卡车司机——从空中经常可以看到他们的车队——未必是IS的成员,这让军事策划人员左右两难。“(石油)运输系统跟其他常规卡车难以区分,”一名西方高级外交官表示,“所以我们不能对它们实施轰炸。”

“你炸死了司机,就把他全家人都变成了圣战分子。”他说,“你面临着把所有人都变成激进分子的风险。”

文章指出,切断IS跨境石油流动产生的效果有限。IS境内仍有很大的市场,而IS在其中享有垄断地位。“他们在境内赚到了大量的收入,”这位美国官员表示。

联军考虑的选项包括,以更低价格向叙利亚境内的非IS组织供应石油,或者向伊拉克北部市场大举供应廉价原油,与圣战分子打价格战。

西方外交官和情报官员相信,IS的财力会有拮据的那一刻——尽管那一刻何时到来还不知道。

“一年前,我会认为今天大概就是那一刻,”上述高级情报官表示。“但我们进行了重估。他们的处境仍好于我们的预期。他们也仍拥有大量的剩余储备和现金。”

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