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日本自卫队仍沿袭二战时传统:已多次经历战火

2016-12-14 14:00:09   

1991年冷战结束后,来自日本国内和日本盟友的压力越来越大,他们要求修改日本宪法,允许日本出口武器,并与军事防御赖以为之的盟友就军事问题进行更多合作。这是因为,二战后的改革对日本的国防政策施以严格的约束。所以,日本的武装部队称为“自卫队”。日本花了几十年,才得以给自己的自卫队制造主战装备。到上世纪80年代末,日本企业发现自己非常擅长制造优质高科技武器。当时,一个跨国营销调查显示,如果允许日本对外出口武器,他们最终能够攫取45%的世界坦克和自行火炮市场份额、40%的军用电子设备销售额、60%的军舰建造合同。这貌似有些夸张,不过,毫无疑问,日本人有能力制造世界一流的武器装备。

从90年代开始,切实修改那部约束性宪法的努力不时死灰复燃。不过,日本修宪的压力之所以不屈不挠,在很大程度上是因为中国和朝鲜(俄罗斯也是因素,但是比较小)造成的军事威胁与日俱增。美国扬言要撤销据认为是日美军事保护保障的协防条约中的若干关键条款,也击中日本的要害。美国希望日本军队随时有能力协助美国军队作战,但是许多日本人强调,日本宪法不允许这样做。随着中国的威胁加剧,日中两军开战的风险变得非常现实,这种想法逐渐发生变化。

另一方面,当地和外国军事分析家开始指出,虽然日本航空自卫队和海上自卫队非常出色,并且作战装备精良,但是日本陆上自卫队可不是这样。约60%的日本兵力属于陆上自卫队,陆上自卫队人员的装备和训练比不上航空自卫队和海上自卫队。军费大多流向海上自卫队和航空自卫队,因为美国的战略是在入侵者踏上日本领土前就消灭他们,日本人对此没有异议。航空自卫队的飞机不断出动,因此飞行员和地面人员的业务非常熟练。海上自卫队也是如此,海上自卫队常年将船停留在海上,即便在恶劣条件下也进行艰苦训练。这是日本的传统,并且是成功的传统,二战初就证明了这一点。

不过,从2004年开始,日本陆上自卫队越来越多地在境外参与非作战性维和行动。从法律上说,这样做是违宪的,但是要求加强军力、维持重要军事同盟关系的压力越来越大,所以这种行动非但得以持续下来,还迅速增加。到最后甚至日本一些地面部队实际上参加作战,虽然这种参与往往是非正式的。日本武器装备和陆上自卫队在战火下的表现证明,日本要想游刃有余地应对一支装备更加精良、组织更加完善的敌人,必须对地面部队进行一些重大调整。许多日本陆上自卫队自卫官,尤其是那些有过海外受训经历、执行过维和任务或者以观察员身份考察过战争的自卫官,拟出一长串的必要改革举措。

还需要指出的是,日本的特种部队以美国为样板,能够搞到必要的武器配件,不过往往需要该部队自己掏腰包。日本防卫省看到这一点,允许并鼓励日本步兵购买必要的配件(特别是新式瞄准镜)以及其他有助于作战的新装备。这种情况最终促使政府出资为陆上自卫队开发和采购新一代作战装备,这些装备往往以美国人和韩国人使用的装备为依据。

资料图片:日本东京,日本防卫大臣稻田朋美检阅自卫队。


责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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