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国民党CC系与政学系的较量:派系之争催化内战

2016-10-25 16:19:41   国家人文历史

1946年1月10日至1月31日,国共两党在重庆召开政治协商会议,经过各方努力,最终达成《关于政府组织问题的协议》等五项协议,第二次国共合作由此步入巅峰时期。然而正当国人欢欣鼓舞,满心期待和平、民主即将降临中国大地之时,国民党部分官员却忧心忡忡,在1月31日召开的临时常会上,谷正纲、张道藩等向蒋介石痛切陈词,哀叹国民党让步太多,各常委“皆有忧慨之色”,会议最终虽然决定通过政协决议,但仍要求将之提交国民党六届二中全会审核。果不其然,1946年3月召开的国民党六届二中全会因政协协议问题,掀起巨大反对浪潮,左右摇摆的蒋介石随即彻底下定决心,与中共全面开打,随即1946年4月国共两军在四平展开决战,第二次国共合作彻底决裂,全面内战由此爆发。

国民党内部派系的争论

蒋介石自1938年担任国民党总裁之后,再无像胡汉民那样的人物对其发起挑战,权威达到无以复加的程度,然而蒋介石集团内部又不断产生次生派系,如陈果夫、陈立夫领导的CC系,掌控党务;陈诚、胡宗南等黄埔系,掌控军事;张群、王世杰等政学系,掌控部分行政权;孔祥熙、宋子文等姻亲,则控制财政金融大权。各个派系之间一方面必须依附于蒋,另一方面又都对蒋的决策产生影响,彼此之间既有合作,又有冲突与矛盾,尤其以政学系与CC系的矛盾最具代表性。

政学系主要依靠自己的专业知识为蒋介石出谋划策,分忧解难,工作完全不涉及军事和党务,然其自身并无基层组织,所以很少有“简任”以下的小官,成员大多是国民政府的“特任”官,主要负责国际交涉、财政金融和教育等核心领域。与此同时,政学系出身的技术官僚,大多内心对国民党一党专政有所不满,而是希望国民党能开放政权,因此当战后蒋介石需要同政协其他团体以及中共沟通时,政学系大都主动承担这项工作。与此相反,陈果夫、陈立夫领导的CC系,控制了国民党整个党务系统,且有着严密的组织体系,成员意识形态较为强硬、僵化,希望极力维护国民党的党治。可是国民党的党国体制先天不足、后天畸形,非但未实现党在国上,反而政府权力远超党组织,CC系成员在处理具体政务时又无实际能力,往往被外界视作“党棍”,所以在国民党的政治权力结构中,大多处于边缘的地位。

双方在战后对待国共问题发生明显分歧。政学系主张和平解决中共问题,且应抱定忍耐、让步的决心,促成最终和平的实现。从国内现实状况来说,他们认为经过八年抗战,民众均多厌战,希望能够获得和平的发展环境,休养生息,且国内经济状况百业凋残,民力已尽,也不允许国民党再发动大规模的战争;一旦发生内战,大量民众无以为生,必将铤而走险,反而易受共产主义的影响。从国际环境而言,美苏两个大国均不愿意看到中国爆发内战,如果国民党执意行之,必将影响到美国对华援助,得不偿失。战后蒋介石在美国压力之下,决定与中共展开和谈,故而大量起用政学系人士。1946年1月政协会议召开之时,国民党代表几乎均由政学系成员出任,最终政协协议得以达成,政学系的影响不容小觑。

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