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“一二·九”运动一代:那些勇猛而忧伤的年轻人

2016-07-29 11:44:22   人民网

原载于《国家人文历史》杂志总第143期

“一二·九”运动之波澜壮阔大概是民国学生运动史上之最,它不仅指发生在1935年12月9日的示威游行,还包括“一二·一六”及1936年“三三一”等几次大型示威,一系列救亡学生运动,余波持续至七七事变抗战爆发。20世纪五六十年代活跃于政坛或学术界的中流砥柱,履历中大部分都有“一二·九”痕迹,如经济学家顾准,外交家龚澎、黄华,文学史家王瑶,科学家钱伟长,清华校长蒋南翔,北大校长陆平……1935年他们正在北平上大学,国家危亡之际,即使“书呆子”也受到感染,离开冷板凳走上街头。

学运高潮退去,青年领袖们选择了不同的方向。一位美国华裔科学家晚年说:“我是‘一二·九’那时候的学生。说老实话我当时在学校只是一个中等的学生,一点也不出色。真正出色的、聪明能干、崭露头角的,是那些当时参加运动投奔了革命的同学。如果他们不干革命而来这里学习,那成就不知要比我这类人高多少倍!”“一二·九”之后奔向延安的清华1934级学生韦君宜感慨道:“他说的全是事实。我们这个革命队伍里有好多当年得奖学金的、受校长赏识的、考第一的,要在科学上有所建树当非难事。但是我们把这一切都抛弃了,义无反顾。把我们的聪明才智全部贡献给了中国共产党的事业。”

无论治学从政,特殊的经历使他们一生带着理想主义色彩,与一般的政治家和学者气质不同。他们被称为“一二·九”一代。

北平学生或比中共中央先读到《八一宣言》

1935年何梅协定签订后,华北将成为第二个东北,中国将亡国等传言纷纷。国内民族主义高涨,尤其青年学生,无不同仇敌忾渴望抗日。国民政府认为开战条件不充分,一味忍让,压制抗日言论,更不允许民众组织抗日活动。社会氛围压抑到极点,黑云压城。“到处都是干柴,你一点就起来”。

“一二·九”爆发前后,中共在北平势力很单薄。大革命失败之后,华北地下党组织屡遭侦破,至1935年,北平不过有党员十来个,共青团员二十个左右。国民政府对高校管控严格,北大校址位于王府井附近的沙滩红楼,在当局眼皮子底下,中共不易渗入。清华燕京地处今天的西北四环,属于远郊,左翼组织得以发展。燕京有黄华、龚澎等,后来都成为周恩来手下外交干将。清华主要由中文系学生蒋南翔、历史系姚依林、地学系黄诚领导,他们皆是中共地下党员;“华北之大,已经安放不下一张平静的书桌”,这句名言传诵全国,是学运的招牌广告语。当时很少有人知道这句话是蒋南翔的手笔。韦君宜说蒋南翔从不对人提起,“他这个人就是这个作风”。

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