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白崇禧曾向蒋介石建言:自古裁兵不难裁将难

2016-07-29 11:41:18   时代周报

1938年,白崇禧参加武汉军事会议。 本版图片由受访者提供

原标题:白崇禧为何拒绝指挥国共大决战?

1949年12月,国共内战胜负已定,白崇禧退至海南岛,李宗仁已经由香港飞往美国。12月30日,白崇禧在海口飞往台湾,去台之后仅得闲职,最终死在台湾。白崇禧和李宗仁一向合称“李白”,李宗仁最后完全与蒋介石决裂,白崇禧却选择留在台湾终其一生。

长期以来,白崇禧在历史上身影模糊。大陆历史书写者对他少有着墨,人们只知道他是蒋桂大战的另一方,桂系军阀;而在民国史上,白崇禧被称“逼宫”蒋介石退位,去台之后不得志而终。在白先勇新书《父亲与民国—白崇禧将军身影集》中,他把白崇禧的一生和整个民国史相连,澄清了外界关于白崇禧的种种误会,梳理了他和蒋介石复杂的关系。这个两岸历史中都模糊的身影,慢慢地清晰出来。

蒋桂战争起因

白先勇本来是预备给父亲写传《仰不愧天》,写着写着整理出了500多张和白崇禧有关的历史照片。抱着“照片能展现真实历史”的想法,白先勇先将照片集出版,围绕着照片介绍白崇禧一生。虽然只有照片,但是已经能感受到民国史的惊心动魄。

北伐期间,白崇禧任革命军参谋长,一度带广西军进了北京,1927年完成扭转北伐局势的“龙潭之役”,本是功臣。北伐甫一结束,蒋介石就采信杨永泰“削藩”的建议,准备解散北伐的各集团军。正在此时,武汉方面桂系少壮派将领湖北籍的胡宗铎、陶钧等冒进出兵湖南攻打鲁涤平,造成所谓“湘变”,尽管李宗仁白崇禧极力灭火,解除胡陶兵权,并向中央请罪,但蒋介石“灭桂”政策已定,更暗中操作白崇禧军中策反。白崇禧的国民革命军第四集团军多为唐生智旧部,蒋介石买通唐生智潜往平津,策反白崇禧部下。最终蒋桂战争爆发,李、白被定为“叛将”,白崇禧甚至一度逃难到安南。北伐胜利,白崇禧刚刚35岁,意气风发,瞬间从功臣变为“叛将”。

自此蒋介石和桂系开始了将近十年的对立,直到“七七事变“之后,蒋介石号召全国抗日,白崇禧响应,和蒋介石再度联手,指挥或参与指挥淞沪会战、台儿庄大捷、昆仑关之役等这些著名战役,抗战胜利后获国民政府青天白日最高勋章。

抗战胜利,内战即开始,1946年春夏之间,国共双方在中长路上军事重镇四平街展开一场大规模的阵地战。双方各集军10万,白先勇称这是“国共内战开始最大的一次正面作战”。战事激烈,双方正在拉锯之际,蒋介石派白崇禧于5月17日飞往东北督战,指挥杜聿明,并其部下新六军、新一军、七十一军攻下四平街,又继续进攻长春。林彪部队守不住,往松花江北岸哈尔滨方向撤退。白崇禧飞回南京,向蒋介石报告战况,主张国民党军队乘胜追击,占领哈尔滨、齐齐哈尔、佳木斯等城市,彻底拿下东北。当时孙立人率国军部队新一军,已经追过松花江北岸,抵达双城,离哈尔滨不足100公里,毛泽东下令林彪准备弃守哈尔滨。6月6日,蒋介石下令停战(史称第二次停战令)。林彪遂有机会整军反击,东北形势逆转。

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