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美国绝密情报简报向总统候选人“开后门”

2016-06-30 14:39:57   青年参考

奥巴马喜欢用平板电脑查看秘密简报。

古往今来,掌握事关国家安全的核心机密者,通常是少数具有公职身份的政治精英。但在美国,每隔4年,会有一类人成为例外,他们就是杀入总统大选“决赛圈”的候选人。

2016年夏天,随着驴象两党总统候选人相继浮出水面,美国情报机关也将重启绝密使命——派出高级情报官员密会两位总统候选人,让后者提前享受情报方面的特权。

关于这一安排,美国联邦政府官网写道:候选人一旦获得本党的正式提名,就会立即从国家情报官员那里得到《总统每日简报》(以下简称《简报》)这份材料。这份文件有利于候选人全面了解国家面临的问题,并帮助他们避免因不了解情况而发表不明智甚至危害国家安全的言论;更重要的是,这种做法有利于国家大事在政府换届后保持连贯性。

眼看特朗普与希拉里对决在即,立场和个性截然不同的两者会如何享受这项特权?曾经的国务卿身份,会不会在这方面为希拉里带来优势?以口无遮拦著称的特朗普会不会因此惹出意料之外的麻烦?种种猜测,激发了人们对秘密情报简报制度的兴趣。

“世上发行量最小的报纸”

据美联社报道,这项在保密机制上“开后门”的制度始于七十多年前。1945年4月,“战时总统”罗斯福突然去世,当了不到3个月副总统的杜鲁门临危受命,成为世界上最强大国家的领袖。13天后的4月25日,杜鲁门在高级别情报会议上听到一则令他震惊的消息:“几个月内,美国就能研制出人类历史上最恐怖的武器,一发就可以摧毁整座城市。”

此前,杜鲁门对旨在研发原子弹的“曼哈顿计划”知之甚少。他日后坦承,那种前所未有的感觉就像“天上的月亮、星星一股脑儿砸在我肩上”。

据说,杜鲁门不止一次为被排挤在核心情报圈之外而“吐槽”。事实上,美国的情报监测系统当时刚刚起步。1941年,罗斯福下令成立美国历史上第一个专职情报机构——情报协调局,次年更名为战略情报局。杜鲁门上台后,冷战骤起,情报工作的重要性促使他要求相关部门“在比较和评估的基础上,将信息在政府内部小范围公开”。

就这样,专为高层领导人提供绝密内参的《简报》问世了。1947年,中央情报局(CIA)挂牌开张,它最早被赋予的使命之一,就是负责简报的撰写和递送。

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