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日本法西斯的兴起和发展:得到天皇大力支持

2016-05-11 16:03:13   中国新闻网

在日本面额最大的一万元纸币上,印制着一个日本人的头像,他,就是福泽谕吉,所谓“日本近代最重要的启蒙思想家”,堪称日本第一个军国主义鼓吹者和理论家,其思想理论深刻影响着日本的国策和日本社会。

福泽谕吉把日本“脱亚入欧”的近代化进程与侵略中国密切联系起来。他把侵略中国等亚洲国家,视为“文明与野蛮、光明与黑暗之战”。他提出的侵占朝鲜、吞并中国台湾、再占领中国东北三省并最终将日本国旗插在北京城头的一系列侵略构想,其后人全都付诸了行动。1878年,日本仿效德国成立参谋本部。参谋总长有权直接上奏天皇,而政府则无权过问,从而形成军令机构凌驾于政府之上的“统帅权独立”的体制。

1921年10月,在日本皇太子裕仁的鼓励下,永田铁山、小畑敏四郎、冈村宁次和东条英机等日本少壮派军官,在德国莱茵河畔的巴登巴登温泉商讨国内外政治、军事形势。他们相约盟誓,回国后将致力于“消除派阀、刷新人事、改革军制、建立总动员态势”,全力推动日本走军国主义侵略扩张道路。这就是所谓“巴登巴登密约”,也是日本军队法西斯运动的起点。

日本法西斯的兴起和发展,得到了日本天皇的大力支持。1921年日本大正天皇病重,刚刚从欧洲回国不久的裕仁开始摄政。他做的第一件事,就是命令在皇宫中开设“大学寮”,把巴登巴登集团成员及其追随者们,集中起来听日本法西斯犹存社创始人之一大川周明讲述大和民族主义、大亚细亚主义、法西斯主义。永田铁山、小畑敏四郎、冈村宁次和东条英机等后来的日本战犯,都经过裕仁皇宫“大学寮”的熏陶,后来几乎全部成为昭和军阀集团的骨干成员,成为发动法西斯侵略战争的急先锋。

1927年6月27日至7月7日,由日本首相兼外相田中义一主持召开的东方会议,在日本侵华战争史上是一个十分重要的事件。就是在这次会议上,田中以“训示”的形式提出《对华政策纲领》。这实际上是东方会议的总结,也是日本侵华宣言书:一是把满蒙与中国本土相分离的方针作为最高国策;二是日本将随时出兵,武力干涉中国内部事务;三是在中国扶植亲日政权。如此露骨的侵略“宣言”实为少见。更加令人瞠目结舌的事情还在后面。田中义一在东方会议结束后,曾向天皇秘密呈上一份题为《帝国满蒙之积极根本对策》的文件,史称《田中奏折》,其认为,“惟欲征服支那,必先征服满蒙”。从《田中奏折》曝光开始,日本就一直否认这份文件的存在。但是,这种否认是徒劳的。最重要的是,之后日本侵略政策的实施步骤,步步都是按照《田中奏折》的既定轨道走的。它是日本阴谋侵略中国的自供状和发动世界大战的时间表。

东方会议后,日本以武力肢解中国东三省的大政方针已定。接下来就是选择什么样的时机和制造何种借口来挑起战端了。1929年10月,从美国开始的经济危机迅速席卷全球。这场危机给经济基础相对薄弱的日本经济的打击尤为沉重。面对严重的政治和经济双重危机,日本统治集团迫不及待地加紧准备对外侵略扩张,企图以此摆脱困境。此时,日本当局认为,国际形势也有利于其发动侵华局部战争。日本军部和关东军下决心精心制造事端,武装夺取中国东北。1930年底,日军参谋部在《1931年形势判断》中,制定了进攻中国东北的计划,确定分三个阶段实施,即:打破现状,扩大日本在中国东北的“正当权益”;在“满蒙”建立独立的亲日政权;最后完全占领东北。由此,日本成为发动侵略战争的急先锋。作者:于江欣

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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