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俄罗斯土耳其有过长达15年的蜜月期:曾一同反美

2016-03-15 13:52:46   参考消息

参考消息网3月14日报道外媒称,土耳其和俄罗斯两国之间关系自2015年11月前者空军击落一架俄军苏-24后便急转直下。但两国间紧张关系在此前就一直不断升级,首先是因俄罗斯干预乌克兰,之后因为叙利亚问题。因此,在2年时间里,两国基本上已摧毁过去15年建立起的谅解关系。

水火不容是常态

据 美国《外交》杂志2月24日报道称,基于经济合作、对西方主导国际秩序的共同不满以及其领导人普京和雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安的个人气质,俄罗斯和土耳其 达成的互谅在许多方面都不符合历史常理。推动最近发生冲突的因素远远不止损失一架战机这样简单,并且很有可能预示着两国重返地缘政治敌对状态。

事 实上,两国如今的冲突还比不上此前长达15年的交好引人注目。毕竟,历史上俄罗斯和土耳其的先辈们在过去5个世纪的绝大多数时间里都是水火不容。俄罗斯帝 国的大部分扩张行动始于1783年吞并克里米亚可汗国领土,波及黑海北部海岸沿岸的奥斯曼帝国(及其附庸国)、巴尔干和高加索地区。俄罗斯从江河日下的奥 斯曼帝国夺取领地打破了欧洲实力平衡,使英法两国努力把奥斯曼帝国作为缓冲地带,尤其是在1854年至1856年克里米亚战争期间。俄罗斯占领土耳其海峡和彻底瓦解奥斯曼帝国的雄心一定程度上导致了第一次世界大战的爆发。

俄罗斯和土耳其两国敌对状态一直延续到奥斯曼和俄罗斯帝国瓦解后,只有 上世纪20年代初短暂修和。当时苏联领导人列宁和土耳其共和国开国元勋穆斯塔法·凯末尔联合军力应对西方帝国主义入侵。土耳其的确设法在二战期间保持中 立,但获胜的苏联让俄罗斯帝国长期以来控制土耳其海峡的雄心死灰复燃。约瑟夫·斯大林要求苏联与土耳其联合控制该地区,并要求有权在土耳其建立军事基地。

安 卡拉对此表示抗拒,这使斯大林在土耳其推动共产主义革命。作为回应,美国总统哈里·杜鲁门根据杜鲁门主义条款向安卡拉提供援助。1952年,土耳其加入北 约。凯末尔派别统治的土耳其随后成为反共桥头堡和西方联盟支柱。苏联从未放弃削弱土耳其的努力。为实现这一目标,苏联使用的手段包括上世纪80年代支持库 尔德工人党对安卡拉发动叛乱。

难得蜜月15载

在苏联解体后,俄罗斯实力疲软以及该国从土耳其边界撤军(得益于高加索南部地区出现缓冲国)使军事威胁不复存在,也让两国把精力集中于经济合作。

然而,安卡拉和莫斯科继续争斗不休,大多围绕的是其共同接壤的邻国。上世纪90年代初,土耳其曾试图利用其历史和文化联系取代俄罗斯成为大多为穆斯林、属于 突厥语系的中亚共和国的庇护国。安卡拉和莫斯科还分别支持因争夺纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫地区而成为敌对双方的阿塞拜疆和亚美尼亚。这两国冲突曾由1994年的 停火协议冻结。更大的挑战是车臣,俄罗斯指责土耳其支持该地区分裂叛乱分子。

安卡拉和莫斯科的经济在本世纪初均蹒跚前行,因而双方一致同意 解决其地缘政治关切,把精力集中在深化经济合作上。莫斯科拒绝了库尔德工人党领导人阿卜杜拉的避难请求,并取消向希腊塞浦路斯出售S-300防空系统。 2001年达成的一份协议缓解了两国就高加索和中亚产生的紧张关系。根据2002年1月达成的一份协议,俄罗斯不再支持库尔德工人党,土耳其对车臣和以其 领土为中心展开活动的其他北高加索组织采取更强硬立场,尽管这些组织广受土耳其公众同情。据说数十万土耳其公民祖先可追溯至高加索,许多穆斯林遭遇19世 纪俄罗斯入侵时从此逃离。

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