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美国务院前顾问:南海仲裁对菲律宾有百害无一利

2016-07-13 09:26:12   人民网

无论南海仲裁案设计得多么完美,其预期目标都会落空。”美国国务院前法律顾问亚伯拉罕·索费尔日前接受本报记者采访时说,菲律宾放弃外交努力,单方面将南海争端诉诸国际仲裁,这种自以为聪明的做法不仅无助于争端的解决,还会伤害有关各方的利益,并且有损国际法的权威,有百害而无一利。

78岁的索费尔曾执教于美国哥伦比亚大学法学院,1985年至1990年任美国国务院法律顾问,现为斯坦福大学胡佛研究所高级研究员。他最近受邀在海牙参加一个主题为南海仲裁案与国际法治的研讨会,与来自世界各地数十位知名国际法专家探讨南海仲裁案的法理依据。该研讨会由武汉大学中国边界与海洋研究院和荷兰莱顿大学格劳秀斯国际法研究中心联合举办。与会专家普遍认为,仲裁庭对领土主权和海洋划界问题没有管辖权,因此所谓南海仲裁结果不具任何法律效力。

索费尔说,根据现行国际法,一些国际争端的确可以诉诸强制仲裁,但还有一些国际争端是强制仲裁无能为力的,“国际法也是有边界的,突破这个边界就是对国际法的冒犯和滥用。” 根据《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《公约》)第298条规定,仲裁庭无权调解或仲裁领土主权和海洋划界纠纷,特别是在争端一方以书面声明的形式拒绝接受此类强制程序之后。

“南海仲裁案事关主权争端,这个案子从一开始就不应该立案,更遑论审理和判决。”索费尔指出,在中菲岛礁争端悬而未决的情况下,菲方提出的仲裁事项不适用于《公约》规定的强制争端解决程序,更何况中国政府2006年已经根据《公约》第298条的规定提交了声明,将涉及海洋划界等争端排除在包括仲裁在内的强制争端解决程序之外。“仲裁庭无视中国的合法要求片面接受菲律宾的强制仲裁要求,这不是遵守国际法,而是践踏国际法。”

“根据《公约》,中国没有义务被动接受南海仲裁结果,中国目前的不接受、不参与、不承认立场有坚实的法律依据。”索费尔说,不论是基于国际司法实践,还是从国际关系现实状况考量,类似南海争端这样的主权纠纷都不应设定解决期限。“主权争端绝非简单的利益分歧,有着非常复杂的历史背景,涉及政治、经济、社会和法律等诸多方面,需要慎重对待,不可操之过急,否则很容易引发激烈冲突。”

“事实也证明,自从菲律宾将南海争端提交国际仲裁以来,南海变得不再平静,中国采取了一系列反制措施。”索费尔指出,国际上一些不明真相的人以为是中国“咄咄逼人”,其实中国只是做出应有的反应。“菲律宾指望通过强制仲裁改变中国立场是打错了算盘,到头来搬起石头砸了自己的脚,同时也砸了很多人的脚。南海局势出现紧张,对于地区安全乃至全球安全都是巨大隐患。”

索费尔希望美国能够发挥建设性作用,敦促其盟友菲律宾重回谈判桌,通过外交途径解决南海争端。“美国过去不曾、将来也不会将类似菲律宾诉求的争端提交国际仲裁,近期却反复要求中国遵守仲裁庭裁决、支持所谓‘法治’。与其支持这场明显没有诚意的仲裁,美国不如敦促菲律宾放弃追求‘虚假胜利’,坐下来与中国谈判。只有中菲双方面对面谈判,才能真正解决南海争端,任何其他力量参与都只能使问题变得更加复杂。”

索费尔还以美国和加拿大之间的边界争端解决过程为例,说明谈判协商才是解决南海主权争端的最佳途径。“美国和加拿大自1812年战争以后存有10处边界争端,两国对过于复杂、牵涉太多因素的争端始终坚持通过协商解决。”他最后指出,“国际上一些缺乏远见的人士武断地认为中菲围绕南海问题展开和平谈判的窗口早已关闭,但在我看来这扇窗口一直开着,菲律宾需要抓住这个机遇,及时回到中国所主张的和平谈判的轨道上来,而不是等到碰了南墙再回头。”

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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