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艾赫迈德·恰达耶夫
反恐双重标准害人害己
熊李力
6月28日,土耳其最大城市伊斯坦布尔发生多起恐怖袭击,造成严重的人员伤亡和经济损失。令人深思的是,此次恐怖袭击的主谋——车臣人艾赫迈德·恰达耶夫早在2003年即因从事恐怖活动被俄罗斯列入通缉名单,此后却在欧洲一些国家和欧洲人权法院的庇护下,多次逃过被引渡回俄罗斯的命运。为什么一些国家通缉捉拿的恐怖嫌犯却能在另外一些国家逍遥法外?究其根源,欧美一些国家推行的反恐双重标准难辞其咎。
反恐双重标准首先体现在对恐怖分子和恐怖组织的认定上。欧美一些国家在本国面临恐怖主义威胁时,对于从直接实施者到幕后策划者的整个恐怖组织均予以严厉打击。对比之下,当中、俄等其他国家采取类似行动时,欧美一些国家往往以“非暴力”为由强调某些组织或个人未直接参与实施暴力活动,无视这些组织或个人与恐怖袭击案件千丝万缕的密切联系,对中、俄等国横加指责,甚至公然庇护恐怖组织的活动。鼓吹新疆地区分裂主义的“世维会”多年来致力于指挥煽动暴力恐怖活动,其发起方之一“世维青年代表大会”早在2003年即已被中国政府认定为恐怖组织。然而,欧美一些国家一直以其未直接参与实施暴力活动为由将其认定为合法的“非暴力”组织。“世维会”总部即设在德国,其中一些重要人物长期在欧美日诸国以合法身份公开活动。
对于一致公认、不存争议的恐怖分子和恐怖组织,反恐双重标准也有其用武之地。欧美一些国家往往以中、俄等国的司法系统不够独立公正为由对恐怖嫌犯予以庇护,声称将恐怖嫌犯交由中、俄审判很可能使其遭受酷刑及其他不公正待遇。2003年,就在被俄罗斯列入通缉名单的同一年,前文提到的伊斯坦布尔恐怖袭击嫌犯恰达耶夫获得奥地利的政治庇护,理由就是他自称曾在俄罗斯遭受酷刑并一直受到政治迫害。2012年,基于类似理由,美国政府无视中方的反对,将两名关押在关塔那摩的中国籍“东突”嫌犯移交萨尔瓦多,而这两名嫌犯是被列入联合国制裁清单的恐怖组织“东突厥斯坦伊斯兰运动”成员,其恐怖分子身份并不存在任何争议。
显然,无论是“非暴力”,还是“避免司法不公”,都只是一些国家推行反恐双重标准的借口。这些国家尽管自身也面临着严重的恐怖主义威胁,却总是明里暗里试图借恐怖主义势力之手实现弱化、分化别国的政治目的。具有讽刺意义的是,时至今日,恰达耶夫逍遥法外最大的受害者并不是俄罗斯,而是身为美国盟友的北约成员土耳其。事实上,恐怖主义是全人类的共同敌人,并不会因为各国之间的政治分歧而对某些国家“网开一面”或“高抬贵手”。一些国家如果坚持推行反恐双重标准,难免自食其果。倘若将恐怖主义比作猛虎,骑虎者终将为虎所噬。▲(作者是对外经济贸易大学国际关系学院教授、国际政治学系主任)
责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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