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学者:下任美国总统将对华强硬 扭转无敌人症状

2016-05-05 11:38:51   

2016年的美国总统大选乱象横生,民粹泛滥,以往美国总统大选中两党候选人向中间路线靠拢的传统趋势,在这次大选中荡然无存。取而代之的是非理性的极端主义大比拼。民主党阵营中,伯尼·桑德斯以极左的面目出现,主张绝对平均、闭关自守的“泛社会主义”,获取了民主党大票仓的青年人的拥戴,给曾经不可一世的希拉里·克林顿造成巨大的威胁,极大地分裂了民主党阵营。共和党阵营更是一片狼藉,曾被精英们讥讽为政治小丑的唐纳德·特朗普和原教旨主义的泰德·克鲁兹,分别以极右和更右的姿态,获得了共和党草根大众的支持,造成了共和党领导层和基础民众之间前所未有的分裂。

美国朝野对未来发展陷入整体“迷失”

如此乱象,反映出的其实是美国朝野对未来发展的整体迷失,这主要表现在三个方面:

其一、战略共识的丧失。自南北战争以来,美国的精英决策者们无论左、中、右,在重大战略问题上长期保持共识。美国历史上一系列的重大的对内对外战略决策——门罗主义、反垄断、光荣孤立、新政、全面卷入世界事务、马歇尔计划、对前苏联的围堵和对中国的开放——都是战略共识的结果。这使得美国长期保持强大的凝聚力和自信心。然而,战略共识在今天的美国已消失殆尽。在对外政策上,一方面,苏联垮台后美国的对外政策丧失战略焦点,患上“无敌人综合征”(no-enemy syndrome),而无所不在的恐怖主义,则使美国难以真正战略聚焦,有力使不上,深陷“反恐战争“泥潭。另一方面,由于中国以融入——而非挑战——现行国际秩序的方式快速和平崛起,不但导致了中美之间难以逆转的相互依存关系,而且极大地分化了美国各利益集团的政策取向:由于各利益集团在中国快速发展中获得的利好不对称/等,导致各政治势力在对华政策上莫衷一是。其结果是对华政策长期缺乏一以贯之的战略构想,朝令夕改,前后不一。在美国国内,由于经济长期低迷、愈演愈烈的贫富分化、“政治正确”滥觞以及堕胎和性取向等伦理问题的泛政治化,使得国内政治中出现了难以逾越的意识形态鸿沟。近年来,美国两党一方面在国会中长期恶斗,决策议程几近瘫痪,几度导致政府关门。这一前所未有的乱象,正是战略共识沦丧的表现。

其二、举国上下的沮丧和愤怒。曾几何时,美国如日中天,弗朗西斯·福山(Francis Fukuyama)等学者甚至认为历史将以美国霸权的永固而终结。但是,经历布什和奥巴马短短两任总统,美国的衰落令人瞠目结舌:政治上,由阿富汗/伊拉克战争以及美国主导的“阿拉伯之春”,导致了前所未有的中东乱局。难民危机愈演愈烈,恐怖主义祸及全球。美国的硬实力也由当初踌躇满志地覆盖两个战场沦落到连应对一个战场——无论是中东还是亚太——都捉襟见肘的状态。经济上,2008年的金融风暴使美国霸权的经济基础——美元的信用——产生了巨大的危机。由于经济长期不见起色,大批中产阶级面临跌入贫穷阶层的边缘。美国朝野怨声载道:“为何我们这么短时间内搞得这么糟?”(Why/how have we done so badly in such a short time?)。民粹泛滥正是这种沮丧和愤怒情绪的必然体现。

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