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印度军力有多强?国防预算大国

2016-01-27 11:47:33   白纯 北京青年报

印度26日在首都新德里举行阅兵式,庆祝共和国日。印度各兵种和安全部队的官兵在军乐声中接受了总统慕克吉、总理莫迪和到访的法国总统奥朗德的检阅。在印度其他各大城市,当天也举行了共和国日的庆祝活动。在印巴边界,双方士兵还互送糖果以示庆贺。在引人眼球的骆驼方阵和摩托车特技表演之外,印度军力究竟如何?

国防预算大国

IHS简氏咨询公司预测,到2020年,印度将超过日本、法国和英国,成为全球军费开支第四大国。

今年3月,印度才会公布新一财政年度的国防预算。然而,在2015年至2016年财年期间,印度国防预算增长有限。印度财政部公布的数据显示,在2015至2016年期间,印度国防预算从上一财年的2.22万亿印度卢比(约合327亿美元)增长至2.47万亿卢比(约合363亿美元),占国内生产总值的1.75%,增幅10.9%。

印度总理莫迪解释,国防预算 “增长温和”是为了推进“印度制造”在军工方面的作用,让印度生产更多的本土军工产品和防御装备。同时,国防部的许多大型采购项目也进入最后阶段,是导致国防预算增长的一个重要原因。

莫迪和到访的法国总统奥朗德25日刚刚宣布,双方已就印购买36架法国“阵风”战斗机达成协议,有望在近期落实。这一购买价格约88亿美元的协议是印几十年来最大的一笔军购交易。

军队现代化艰难

注重国防建设,提高军队现代化程度,一直是莫迪政府上台后坚持的治军理念。然而,与雄心勃勃的计划相比,印度国防现代化进展缓慢,主要表现在本国军工产业效率低下,对进口装备的依赖程度不断增高。

早在20世纪90年代,印度就计划提高武器装备国产化比例,计划在2005年之前把该比例从30%提高至70%。这一目标至今仍未实现,印度军队仍有逾七成装备依赖外国进口。未来7年,印度进口武器装备费用预计达到1300亿美元。

多年来,印度没少砸钱自行研制武器,但不是无法如期完成,就是严重超支。以印度国产的第一款主战坦克“阿琼”为例,最终造价超出预算20倍。而且,按退役军官、印度《商业旗帜报》军事作者阿贾伊·舒克拉说法,由于担心阿琼主战坦克不可靠,印度陆军其实仍在使用苏联制造的老式T-72s坦克和较新型的T-90s坦克。

印度拥有52个实验室的军事研究与发展机构“国防研究与发展组织”几乎成了拖延工期和造价高昂的代名词。印度国防部一份报告显示,该机构近20年来开发研制的装备只有29%为印度军队所用。

三军投入不平衡

在每年国防预算分配中,印度三军所得不平衡,充分反映印度国防的战略侧重所在。

印度陆军是全球拥有步兵最多的陆军之一,也是占印度国防投入最多的军种。2015年至2016年印度国防预算中,约53%拨给陆军,23%拨给空军,16%给海军,国防研究与发展组织占6%,而军需品生产商管理委员会只得到1%。

印度国防向陆军倾斜,一定程度缘于仍然视巴基斯坦为主要安全威胁。近年来,印度的军事战略也逐渐放宽变大,参与的国际军事演习也日渐频繁。

随着20世纪90年代初期提出“向东看”政策,印度海军加强了在沿海地带的部署防御,有意扩大其在南亚和东亚地区的影响力。尽管如此,海军每年获得的国防预算在三军中仍属最少。文/白纯(新华特稿)

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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