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美媒:美国应放弃亚太老大地位

2016-01-05 10:58:16   环球网

资料图:美军舰载机从航母上起飞

美国《国家利益》双月刊网站2015年12月31日约翰·格拉泽的文章,文章批驳了美国国家利益中心高级研究员哈里·卡齐亚尼斯的观点,称用显而易见的好斗战略来成功抑制中国的地区野心的前景非常暗淡。作为回应,北京似乎可能会变得更加咄咄逼人。

文章称,感谢美国国家利益中心高级研究员哈里·卡齐亚尼斯抽时间来反驳我最近发表的一篇文章,在那篇文章中,我主张为避免与崛起中的中国发生冲突,美国应放弃在亚太地区保持老大地位的战略。我断言,遏制中国是一项耗资昂贵且冒险的战略,是一项对确保美国至关重要的国家利益没有必要的战略。我的核心观点归结起来就是:用显而易见的好斗战略来成功抑制中国的地区野心的前景非常暗淡。作为回应,北京似乎可能会变得更加咄咄逼人。

辩驳中,卡齐亚尼斯决定不针对我的核心观点发表评论。他说,在该地区真正制造麻烦的不是美国而是中国。中国挑衅性地扩大军事预算,并大肆采取行动支持它在东海和南海过度扩张的海上领土要求,从而引发了与邻国的争端。他援引一位台湾地区官员的话说,美国的盟友日本、韩国和菲律宾“都希望美国增加而不是减少参与度”,因为“华盛顿是确保大陆崛起不会成为亚洲噩梦的唯一保障”。

援引主张“增加而非减少美国参与度”的东亚官员的话,不能成为支持美国应继续现有战略的论据。不难理解这些国家和地区抱有这样观点的理由——毕竟,是美国担负着确保它们安全的责任。据推测,中国那些脆弱的、被吓坏的邻国愿意投入到国防中的开支占其国内生产总值(GDP)的比例不超过1%至2%,考虑到这点,就很难相信它们对中国崛起所持的歇斯底里的态度了。只要美国人继续负责中国对手们的防务,那么它们将会继续坐享美国所提供的一切。与此同时,美国的对外政策与美国至关重要的国家利益之间的差距在不断扩大。

卡齐亚尼斯说,中国的那些美国支持的邻国也“受到鼓励,应在中国还相对较弱而不是等到它成为超级大国的现在,就争议领土挑起危机”。美国麻省理工学院教授巴里·波森称这是“不计后果的鲁莽驾驶”。

卡齐亚尼斯援引美国前国防部副部长埃里克·埃德尔曼的话说,美国的主宰地位“提供了集体公益,从而维护了国际体系的安全”。这一点并不是显而易见的。卡内基国际和平基金会高级研究员迈克尔·斯温说,“有观点认为,美国在西太平洋无可争议的主宰地位是确保整个亚太长期稳定繁荣的唯一基础,这一观点是一种危险的日趋过时的观念”,它“深深地植根于美国例外论以及对国际秩序中霸权力量好处的深信不疑”,而这是经不起深入推敲的。

对美国在亚洲无限期保持主宰地位的执著,部分是由于存在这样一种值得怀疑的观点,认为美国实力与生俱来就是良性有益的,如果其他国家不这样认为,那么这是它们的错误。然而,无论卡齐亚尼斯认为美国的霸权是多么仁慈,当这样一种令人望而生畏的强大力量专注于一个国家时,很难让潜在的对手们认为它的意图是良性有益的。

卡齐亚尼斯称,中国已“抛弃了‘和平崛起’的观念”,而其他国家也将中国说成是一个必须加以遏制的贪婪的扩张主义者。但北京的意图至多是不透明的。的确,中国近年来采取了更坚定自信的外交政策,但许多学者认为中国的外交政策从本质上讲依然是防御性的。

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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