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俄制裁土耳其:用中国货替代

2015-12-04 14:53:52   环球网

资料图:俄军战机被土耳其击落

自俄罗斯战机被土耳其击落以来,俄土关系骤然降温,引发各界对双边关系跌入冰点的担忧。今日镜鉴,我们向你推荐“陈说天下”栏目的一篇作品。

12月1日,俄罗斯总理梅德韦杰夫批准禁止从土耳其进口的农产品、原料与食品清单。除欧亚经济联盟法令允许范围内用于个人食用的品种外,俄从2016年1月1日起将禁止从土进口一系列蔬菜、水果、家禽和盐类商品。这是11月底俄总统普京签署对土制裁的总统令的细化与延伸,也是俄土关系恶化的风向标。

经济制裁抓土“软肋”

11月28日,普京签署对土实行制裁的总统令,其中包括禁止包机往来俄土航线,俄旅游公司不得办理前往土的旅游手续,禁止雇主自2016年1月1日起雇佣土公民,禁止和限制俄境内受土司法管辖权保护的企业运作,并命令禁止或限制部分土商品的进口等。但上述制裁措施“仅仅是第一步”,梅德韦杰夫11月30日表示,俄方将视情在“授权范围内扩大禁止进口商品名单以及禁止入境人员名单,采取其他旨在限制或终止与土合作的措施”,并在必要的情况下扩大对土制裁。目前在俄境内建筑工程项目上工作的土公民,也“将受到严格控制”。根据规定,明年起签署的新工程项目,必须向政府申请特殊许可,方可雇佣土公民;俄方将对黑海、亚速海以及克里米亚半岛的港口实施额外管制。

根据最新俄政府令,从2016年1月1日起,土将无法向俄出口橙子、橘子、葡萄、苹果、梨、杏、桃、李子、草莓、西红柿、黄瓜、白菜、洋葱等果蔬。此外,被禁运的还有冷冻的火鸡和家鸡、土耳其康乃馨和盐等,俄将用中国、摩洛哥和塔吉克斯坦等国的同类产品取而代之。

俄用“菜篮子”和旅游等实施制裁,是找准了土的“软肋”,土将遭受巨大损失。据分析人士估计,每年在对俄出口蔬菜和水果方面,土将损失10多亿美元;在旅游收入方面,土每年损失将达100多亿美元。梅德韦杰夫11月30日还表示,俄政府将根据形势发展需要进一步扩大制裁措施,将力求“最大程度地使土方感受到其行为造成的严重后果”。

旧恨新仇难剪断

此次土击落俄战机和随后俄对土的制裁的升级,说到底是两国“旧恨”加“新仇”的结果。

过去300多年来,土耳其与俄罗斯为控制高加索和巴尔干地区,先后发生了12次战争。战争的结果是:土胜少负多,丧失大片土地。冷战时期,土因担心苏联从南到北的遏制于1952年加入北约,充当了封堵苏联的桥头堡。苏联解体后,俄土关系表面上得到缓和,但两国深层次矛盾并未冰释。

俄罗斯军事科学院院士彼得罗夫斯基认为,今天承担着封堵俄进入中东、地中海地区重任的土耳其,一直怀揣着充当中东“老大”的梦想。叙利亚局势陷入混乱后,土积极为叙反对派提供武器和经费。但俄出手将快挺不住的阿萨德救活后,土怀恨在心。对俄升级动用战略轰炸机和巡航导弹时,土更是无法容忍,遂击落了俄军苏-24战机。G20峰会时,普京婉转地称有的国家充当“伊斯兰国”的金主,现在明确表示“有的国家”就是土耳其。

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