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微型无人机渐成各国军队大患

2015-11-02 08:52:17   环球网

鉴于各自战机都在叙利亚执行任务,美俄两国国防部近期已进行多次协调,力避“空中摩擦”。有意思的是,双方探讨的“空中规则”不仅涉及有人驾驶飞机,连军用无人机也包括在内,这实际反映出军事大国对未来空战威胁的“重新认识”。如何规范无人机的日常应用,以及应对无人机带来的威胁,已成为各国军方必须重视的课题。

微型无人机渐成大患

据美国“战略之页”网站报道,今年7月26日至8月7日,美军在加利福尼亚州文图拉县海军基地举行了“黑色飞镖-2015”演习,演习的重点就是测试反无人机武器和技术。据悉,总共约有55个不同的反无人机系统在演习中得到测试。

就在“黑色飞镖”演习发起之际,美国思想库机构“新美国安全中心”发布的一份报告显示,目前世界上有超过90个国家和非政府组织正在使用无人机,其中多数型号能携带武器,“某些国家正在研发的先进无人机已对美国构成严重威胁。”

据介绍,每年一度的“黑色飞镖”系列演习始于2002年,最初由美国国防情报局举办,主要用于秘密展示无人机性能。2010年,“黑色飞镖”演习主办权被转交“联合防空和导弹防御组织”,演习重点也转移到“反无人机技术与武器系统”。按美国空军少校斯科特·格雷格的说法,“军方不仅注意到了日益增加的无人机威胁,同时也在积极寻找应对这种威胁的方法和手段”。

“联合防空和导弹防御组织”评估部负责人、美国海军高级军官戴维德·佐克认为,微型无人机技术的扩散非常迅速,不少国家、组织甚至个人都能轻易获得。它们虽然“体型”较小,但能携带威力足够强大的爆炸物或有害物质。而且,微型无人机的飞行高度极低,雷达难以捕捉它的踪迹。因此,微型无人机的威胁最大。值得一提的是,在美军的分类中,自重小于55磅(约25千克)的无人机都属于微型无人机范畴。

立足现有装备防范

目前,反无人机技术仍处于起步阶段,格雷格少校认为没必要为此研发专门的新武器系统。“‘黑色飞镖’演习经验显示,反无人机作战不一定需要超越时代的技术或武器,”格雷格说,“我们目前装备和使用的很多成熟技术和武器都可用于应对无人机,重要的是要在使用方式上进行创新。”

据观摩过“黑色飞镖”演习的工程师回忆,参演人员所使用的反无人机技术和装备许多都是数年前的产品,它们并不是专门针对无人机的,“因为那时候无人机尚未构成威胁”。在今年的演习中,南卡罗莱纳州国民警卫队参演部队动用的防御武器是上世纪80年代研制的“复仇者”野战防空系统,它配备8枚“毒刺”防空导弹和口径12.7毫米的高射机枪。据报道,“复仇者”系统的操作手克里斯托弗·威廉姆斯军士对击落无人机信心十足,而他的信心是建立在“革新”基础上的。“每次演习后,我们都会对所使用的反无人机武器系统进行软件更新或升级,以提高其探测、追踪、辨识微型无人机的能力,”佐克说,“有些现成的技术或武器,只需在操作方式上稍做改变就能成为反无人机的利器。”

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