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美国内质疑是否继续造超级航母 议员称系最大浪费

2015-10-20 09:04:30   环球网

【环球军事报道】造价超标、工期拖延的美国新一代“福特”级超级航母让最近面临新一轮军费削减的五角大楼左右为难。据美国弗吉尼亚州当地的《每日快报》网站18日报道,美国参议院武装力量委员会主席麦凯恩提交的一份报告敦促五角大楼建造小型而廉价的航母,在美国引起新的争论。

报道称,最近美国国内对新一代超级航母的质疑不断升温。“福特”号航母是美国新一代航母的首舰,根据计划,该舰将于2016年交付,预计最终将花费约129亿美元,超过当初估算的22%。纽波特纽斯船厂是目前美国唯一的核动力航母建造厂,数千个工作岗位与“福特”级航母项目的未来紧紧相连。麦凯恩近日表示,如果美国海军仍不能控制“福特”级航母项目的成本,美国就应该追求更小型、更廉价的航母。报道称,麦凯恩提交的一份18页报告专门针对“福特”级,题目就是“美国最大的浪费。”他还建议海军研究一下,是否还有其他什么装备能够替代核动力超级航母成为海军未来的关键组成部分。

近年来,美国海军内部有相当部分人对超级航母心存疑虑,关于取消“福特”级后续计划的说法也时常出现。对这股暗流,美国智库列克星敦研究院的CEO汤普森说,麦凯恩针对“福特”级的愤怒是关于重建五角大楼采购业务这个更大议题的一部分。汤普森称,更小、更廉价的航母尽管看上去不错,但也有自己的问题。一艘小型航母搭载的飞机更少,无论从总数量还是种类来说都偏少,那么美国海军将需要更多的航母。“尽管小航母或许能省钱,但却因小失大。”

哈德逊研究院美国海权中心副主任麦克格拉斯·布莱恩的一份研究报告主要针对航母在未来冲突中扮演的角色问题,该报告也专门研究了航母设计的方案选择。他认为,建造一艘小型航母能省部分资金,但作战效能会直线下降。“小型常规动力航母带来的性能下降,包括舰载机联队的突击次数、弹药存储量和燃油存储量,是显而易见的。”报道称,哈德逊研究院引用的一份上世纪90年代后期的海军资料显示,更小的核动力航母的成本约是“福特”级航母的87%到92%,但战机出动架次将下降50%。布莱恩说,随着超级航母的建造费用飙升,最近几年美国海军也一直在寻找可替代的方案,但在经过深度分析后,最终仍只能回到核动力超级航母方案。“我们建造大甲板航母的原因是,它们已经被证明是最具效费比的方案,”他说,“这并不是一系列胡乱决定的结果。”

至于通过航母建造领域引入竞争机制来降低费用,上述专家也并不乐观。布莱恩表示,在没有大量投资进行改造的情况下,目前还没有其他船厂能建造稍小型的核动力航母。因此如果美国选择稍小型的核航母,很可能仍是由亨廷顿·英格尔斯工业公司担任建造任务,并且也没有竞争对手。汤普森认为,如果美国海军选择建造非核动力航母,英格尔斯造船分部或许能够参加竞争。该船厂目前负责建造两栖战舰和驱逐舰,但美国海军当前不太可能选择常规动力航母。

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