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美媒:日本引进或自产攻击武器 谁最担心?

2014-09-15 11:05:35   中国新闻网

中新网9月15日电美国世界日报14日社论表示,日本和美国正检讨“日美防卫合作指针”中期报告,可能纳入解禁日本集体自卫权。但比这个更重要的,是日美官员正秘密探讨日方取得攻击性武器,以把军力投射境外的可能性。虽然变量还多,但势必引起亚太国家不安。到底日本引进或自产攻击性武器,何者更值得担忧?

文章摘编如下:

事实上,日本首相安倍今年初下令修改防卫指针,重点之一就是增强日本面对军事挑战或危机时的“先制攻击”(preemptive strike)能力,就是把原先以防卫为主的原则,改为攻守兼备的方针。安倍此举实已为日本未来引进攻击性武器、把军力投射国外的重大改变开了一扇门。

从日美官员透露的讯息,日本引进攻击性武器还困难重重。首先,安倍内阁经济三支箭尚未完全见效,政府已债台高筑,短期内不可能筹措经费支应昂贵攻击性武器的庞大开支。

其次,安倍“地球仪外交”下,日本透过“对外开发援助”(ODA)对亚非拉国家提供经援耗资甚巨,短期内将不太可能有多余经费采购攻击性武器。

第三,无论修改防卫指针,或引进攻击性武器,日本都以因应朝鲜“挑衅”为表面理由。然而,日本视中国为假想敌,早已是众所周知的事。日本引进攻击性武器,为何让亚太国家不安或不满?

其一,日本本就是亚太军经大国,如引进美国由战机发射的战斧巡弋飞弹,或由潜舰发射的巡弋飞弹等攻击性武器,势将如虎添翼。

其二,平心而论,东京尚未引进攻击性武器前,指控日本军国主义复苏,属政治语言,因为日本军力根本不足。但一旦引进攻击性武器,必然引发二战期间曾被日本占领的亚太各国惊恐。

其三,日本尚未引进攻击性武器前,美国力挺日本,奥巴马总统4月访日期间数度强调,美日安保条约第五条将适用钓鱼岛。一旦日本引进攻击性武器,亚太周边国家可能更担心日本狐假虎威,仗势霸凌其他国家。

从日美官员就日本引进攻击武器谈话内容看,可有以下发现。第一,日本趁修订日美防卫大纲期间向华府提出此一构想,由于事涉敏感,相关讨论并未在修订大纲时进行,而是透过其他管道。由此观之,日美双方咨商有很高默契。

第二,三位参与美日双边非正式会谈的日本代表透露,会谈聚焦在提升日本战力,重点在摧毁朝鲜的飞弹基地。可见日美双方都同意加强日本战力,认为日本战力尚不足因应朝鲜,遑论中国。也可推论,美国因为财政短绌,亟待借助强化日本战力,以便紧急时对美国提供必要协助。这也可能成美国约制中国的外交筹码。

第三,日方透露,提升日本“攻击能力”会谈尚在初步阶段,未讨论到特定硬件武器装备。美方则说,日本2013年就曾透过非正式管道接洽,惟日美迄未正式讨论。美国可“等到日方准备好,双方再讨论”。可见日美双方早在去年就触及此一议题,只待水到渠成、浮上台面。

从国际政治现实看,日本引进攻击武器,批售权还掌握外国手中,不是最糟糕的情况。最令亚太国家担心的是美国拒绝提供日本攻击性武器,迫使东京自行研发具“先制攻击”能力的武器。如由美国提供武器,华府会对日本需求进行可行性评估,产生节制日本作用。

反之,如拒绝提供日本武器,日本可充分利用武器技术出口赚进的外汇,挹注在新型攻击性武器开发,以日本科技能力,将对亚太国家产生更大压力与冲击。

日本显然因中国崛起而压力日增,自认需要攻击性武器,但若遭美国抑制,可能引发日本民族主义反弹。1990年代,美国一度同意日本自行研发战机,但不久即打消原议。当时中国尚未像今天般让日本感受压力,美国出尔反尔未引发日本强烈反弹。如今朝鲜、中国与日本的对峙日益升高,强化了日本取得攻击武器的动机。

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