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美智库认为机器人革命的获胜者不是技术领先一方

2014-05-26 15:16:42   中国新闻网

据中国国防科技信息网报道,近日,美国著名智库新美国安全中心(CNAS)发布了报告《战场机器人Ⅰ:作战范围、持续能力与危情处置》(下文简称报告),主笔人为“20YY作战计划”项目主管保罗·斯査瑞(Paul Scharre),通过审视调研获取战争优势的关键因素与阻碍,进而为军事行动提出相关建议。

报告研究了无人与自治系统的操作优势,以及它们可以实现的新作战概念,重点关注了单兵机器人在作战范围、持续作战能力和危险任务执行等方面的优势,其认为机器人革命的获胜者将是把机器人技术运用得淋漓尽致的一方,而不是最先发展该技术或技术水平领先的一方。

报告显示,由于反介入武器对美军传统的武力投射方式造成了威胁,且非政府主体逐渐获取先进技术增强其杀伤力,美军的传统优势正逐步削弱。按照目前的发展态势,美军未来的自由调遣能力将逐步丧失,其他政府与非政府主体的精确杀伤武器将使作战环境急剧恶化。

无人与自治系统拥有巨大的潜力,可帮助美军应对上述挑战。它们的续航力与性能已大幅提高,不仅使作战人员免受威胁,并能延伸军事力量作战范围,持续在反介入区域执行任务,并开展更大胆的军事行动。目前,无人与自治系统的应用仍处于初期阶段,但现有的传统文化与伦理已限制了这项技术的发展。

报告认为,美国国防部对这种可以改变游戏规则、提高效率并挽救生命的技术投资不足,亟需强有力的领导来克服种种障碍,确保该技术的发展,以应对未来可能出现的威胁。

最后,报告针对美国国防部与四大军种提出了有关发展无人与自治系统的重要建议:

(1)空军应研发多飞行器控制技术,允许单兵同时控制多个飞行器以提高操作效率和战斗力;开展高空长航时飞行器编队研究,以便在卫星广泛失效时组建可伸缩的空中导航通信层;研发低成本无人机执行高危任务,如破坏和压制敌军防空圈等。

(2)海军在进行无人舰载空中监视与打击飞机(UCLASS)项目时,应投资研发隐身纵深攻击型号;研究用于水下无人平台的具有超长续航力的同位素温差能源的利弊;开展小型无人水面艇的研发,使其成为海军水面舰艇的哨兵,挫败敌军的小艇蜂群战法。

(3)陆军应为MQ-1C“灰鹰”无人机制定复合远程操作概念,即在部署间隙操控人员可在本土远程操控“灰鹰”,降低成本并增加作战能力;废除禁止无人机紧急召回(CASEVAC)政策,为无人机研制紧急召回选项。

(4)海军陆战队应开展中高空长航时无人机的研制,例如“捕食者”和“死神”等,可以从两栖攻击舰起飞,为海军陆战队提供监视与近程空中支援。

(5)国防部应建立高级创新小组,由国防部副部长负责,确保国防部对这种改变游戏规则的能力进行投资,即使这些技术会对当前的文化和伦理造成冲击。(叶小辉)

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