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美国研究卫星太空加油 专家:技术可行但是有风险

2014-03-17 09:18:21   环球网

太空加油 卫星延寿之路?

日前,据外媒报道,美国宇航局已经着手研究如何为在轨运行的卫星提供燃料加注服务,未来或将研制出燃料补给卫星,对其他卫星进行在轨燃料补给,以延长其服役寿命。

一般情况下,卫星被发射到轨道上,燃料耗尽或发生故障后就会被弃用。许多被弃用的卫星本身其实功能完好,但它们的命运已经注定,只能一圈圈地在轨道上运行,直到脱离轨道进入大气层,或者与其他航天器相撞成为太空垃圾,最终“油尽灯枯”。而卫星为卫星进行“太空加油”将改变卫星的“宿命”结局。

燃料:卫星寿命的瓶颈

一颗卫星的服役寿命取决于多种因素,一般情况下,科研人员在研制卫星时,卫星的设计寿命往往取决于它能够携带多少燃料。虽然卫星上都安装着太阳能帆板电池,但由于要长期在轨运行,卫星还是需要消耗燃料来进行轨道维持、误差修正、调整姿态以及应急变轨等“动作”。

当前,随着技术的不断成熟,卫星本身元器件的可靠性、性能已经达到一个相当的高度,而燃料却成为影响卫星服役寿命的重要瓶颈。

如果燃料耗尽,卫星就无法继续在轨运行。轨道高度的降低将使得卫星逐渐坠入大气层烧毁,而有些卫星本身性能、元器件都完好无损,仅仅是因为燃料耗尽而无法维持其轨道高度,地面控制中心不得不将其放弃。

因此,科研人员试图研究进行轨道燃料加注的相关技术,以便未来对燃料耗尽的卫星进行补给。据报道,美国宇航局的数个研究小组已经开展了“太空加油机”的研究,试图把燃料在轨加注到目标卫星上。

高可靠与低成本博弈

近年来,随着人类航天技术的突飞猛进,让科研人员甚至航天爱好者们有了大胆设想的勇气。目前,仅仅从“太空加油”的技术成熟性和安全可靠性来说,解决这一技术难题只是时间早晚问题。然而,有朝一日“太空加油”技术变得成熟、安全、可靠了,各航天大国都会纷纷采用吗?很显然,这中间还存在着“物美”与“价廉”的矛盾——高可靠与低成本。

记者了解到,一颗卫星的造价动辄需要数亿美元,有的甚至高达几十亿美元,如果能够在太空为其补加燃料,带来的经济效益将十分可观。但航天科普专家杨宇光在接受本报记者采访时表示:“这笔账还不能这么算,以人类现在的技术条件和成本控制,给在轨运行的卫星补加燃料的成本,不见得比重新发射一颗卫星低多少。这中间还要面临交会对接以及加注过程中的风险,一旦发生意外,损失也将是不可估量的。”

此外,杨宇光介绍说,现在的卫星设计都是以一次性使用为前提的,补加燃料的可行性不大。今后的卫星如果需要进行在轨补加燃料,在设计之初就需要安装一套较为复杂的加注系统,这也会占用一定的卫星有效载荷。

技术可行 但有风险

据外媒报道,美国宇航局目前正在进行的卫星在轨燃料加注研究,使用了陆基远程机器人氧化剂转移测试项目中所取得的技术成果,同时也应用了基于国际空间站的机器人加油任务示范。首先,科研人员试图研制出能在空间进行燃料补给的卫星,以增强地面对在轨卫星的服务能力。

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