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俄罗斯重启铁路机动弹道导弹 “死亡列车”再上路

2014-02-26 09:23:49   环球网

铁路战略导弹:俄重启“死亡列车

据俄新社近期报道,俄罗斯战略火箭兵司令表示,俄罗斯计划在2014年上半年完成铁路机动导弹作战系统的初步设计。外界普遍分析认为,俄罗斯此举意在应对美国咄咄逼人的反导系统和“全球快速打击”计划。

按照部署方式的不同,陆基战略核力量一般分为发射井式战略导弹、公路机动式战略导弹和铁路机动战略导弹,而铁路机动战略导弹是三种陆基战略导弹中建设成本最高、技术难度最大的导弹系统。

铁路机动发射 优势突出

提到铁路机动发射战略导弹,很多人都会想到被誉为“死亡列车”的苏联SS-24铁路机动战略导弹系统,它是世界上第一种进行过实战部署的铁路机动战略导弹系统。

铁路机动战略导弹是随着弹道导弹技术发展和核战略演变而诞生的一种机动式部署的陆基导弹系统。

与其他陆基战略导弹系统相比,铁路机动战略导弹最大的优势是机动速度快,生存能力强。导弹列车机动速度一般超过100公里/小时,可在漫长的铁路线上机动,隐蔽性非常强,生存能力居陆基部署导弹之首。

以SS-24导弹系统为例,根据美国的相关研究,由于SS-24导弹列车和普通货运列车在外形上差别不大,跟踪一辆机动中的导弹列车必须同时动用300颗左右的侦察卫星,而跟踪多辆导弹列车,动用的卫星数量将成倍增加,因此要实现对导弹列车的跟踪是非常困难的。

拥有很强的实战和威慑能力是铁路机动战略导弹系统的另一个优势。一辆导弹列车就是一个完整的作战单元,高度集成的作战单元赋予了导弹列车全天候值班的能力。

平时导弹列车停靠在远离城市的铁路线上,作战单元一般会处于戒备状态,战斗值班时则机动在预定的铁路线上,在接到作战命令后可快速机动到指定位置并完成发射任务。

导弹方面,SS-24导弹在出厂前就装入了专门的发射筒内,几乎始终处于可发射状态,因此反应速度比较快。由于导弹采用了分导式弹头技术,每个弹头可独立攻击不同目标,其综合突防能力优于采用单弹头或集束弹头的战略导弹,再结合诱饵突防等多种手段,使SS-24导弹的突防能力进一步增强。

同样,在地球的另一边,美国也没闲着,其很早就开始研究铁路机动战略导弹。美国从1959年起就开始研制铁路机动发射的民兵导弹,后因技术等多方面原因下马。1986年,美国又开始研制铁路机动发射的MX导弹,每列导弹列车配备2枚MX导弹,计划装备25列导弹列车。后因苏联解体,即将装备部队的MX导弹列车胎死腹中,美国再次与铁路机动战略导弹失之交臂。

重新开动的“死亡列车”

俄罗斯于2005年宣布永久性拆除SS-24导弹系统(作为回报,美国让在发射井部署的MX导弹退役),曾经让人谈之色变的“死亡列车”暂时退出历史舞台。但在几年之后,人们突然发现渐行渐远的“死亡列车”似乎又慢慢回来了。

综合多方面报道,为了应对咄咄逼人的美国反导系统和“全球快速打击”计划,国力有所恢复的俄罗斯正在努力增强核力量(详见本报1月18日一版名家观点文章,《俄缘何展露“核肌肉”:手中好牌不多,索性亮出底牌》)。

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