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关于南海仲裁案 全世界必须要知道的10个问题

2016-07-12 09:48:20   央视新闻客户端

明天(7月12日),应菲律宾单方面请求建立的南海仲裁案仲裁庭将公布所谓最终裁决。菲律宾单方面提起并推动南海仲裁案,在国际上闹得沸沸扬扬,中国官方近期密集发声回应驳斥,反复强调依据国际公法,仲裁庭对本案及有关事项没有管辖权。

仲裁案由何而来?背后有哪些内幕?中国为何不接受不参与?将怎样刺激本就复杂的南海局势?将对南海和平有何影响?……央视新闻特别梳理了十问十答,让您简单、清晰地看清南海仲裁案的错误本质。

一问:南海仲裁案由何而来?中国为何不参与不接受?

2013年1月22日,菲律宾就中菲有关南海“海洋管辖权”争端提起强制仲裁,并声称其依据是《联合国海洋法公约》有关规定。

2014年12月7日,中国政府发表关于菲律宾所提南海仲裁案管辖权问题的立场文件,全面系统阐述中国不接受、不参与仲裁以及仲裁庭对本案明显没有管辖权的立场和理据,未来裁决结果作出后,也将不承认、不执行。

有人说,中国不接受、不参与,可能要被扣上“藐视国际法”和“怕输”的帽子。对此,中国驻英国大使刘晓明曾打了个形象的比喻来反驳:“足球场上,一支球队如果明知对手和裁判已经串通一气‘吹黑哨’,怎么还会同意进入赛场比赛?不仅球队不会接受,广大球迷和观众也不会接受。”

二问:什么是强制仲裁?为何说南海案仲裁庭没有管辖权?

如果说菲律宾都没有“比赛资格”,那这个“黑哨”还执意吹罚比赛显然就是荒谬的,况且这个“黑哨”也根本不具备裁判资格。

先来了解什么是强制仲裁?这是《联合国海洋法公约》创立的一种新程序。但是,强制仲裁同谈判协商等方式相比,是次要的、补充性的方式。它的适用有多项条件限制的,而菲律宾提起的仲裁未满足其中的任何条件。在此列举主要三项:

首先,菲律宾所提诉求本质上属于领土主权争端,而这不属于《公约》适用的事项,更不属于强制仲裁程序的适用范围,仲裁庭无权管辖。

其次,如果有关争端涉及海域划界、历史性海湾或所有权等,缔约国有权声明不接受强制仲裁。安理会“五常”中,除美国未加入《公约》外,其他四个国家都进行了排除性声明。这种排除对于其他缔约国而言具有法律效力,对于上述被一国排除的争端,其他国家不得提起,仲裁庭也无权管辖。仲裁庭此次将“与海域划界相关的争端”解释为“海洋划界本身的争端”,大大缩小了该排除性事项的范围,是对《公约》条款的错误解释。这种偷换概念的做法,违背了《公约》强制争端解决程序的制度设计和立法本意。

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