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中国直接研制第三代载人飞船 一步走完美俄40年路

2016-04-12 11:25:57   解放军报

把创新的旗帜插上太空

——感受北京航天飞行控制中心科研人员的创新观

■记者 邹维荣 通讯员 姜宁 祁登峰

“观念改变之后,创新并不难。”经过20年的艰苦努力,北京航天飞行控制中心(北京飞控中心)在激烈竞争的科技前沿中拼搏进取,取得了突出成就和不凡创新成果。在采访中,记者强烈感受到的不仅是一代代“飞控人”创新的勇敢气魄,还有他们与众不同的创新观。

创新者总是快人一步

“中国有可能在2020年发射火星探测器。”在今年两会上,全国政协委员、嫦娥一号卫星系统总指挥兼总设计师叶培建院士在接受本报记者采访时说。火星探测项目是我国继神舟载人航天工程、嫦娥探月工程之后又一个重大太空探索项目。对此,北京飞控中心科研团队早已提前3到5年储备下了专业人才、提前组织技术预研,如今已经拿出了火星探测轨道精度计算的模型和初步方案,并通过了专家审核。

“创新者总是快人一步。”北京飞控中心主任陈宏敏经历了历次载人航天飞控任务,他的感触比常人更深:从神五到神十,从一人到两人,从一天到多天……看上去似乎只是数字的变化,而它所代表的,却是载人航天事业的一大步。正是他们自主创新的勇敢气魄,使载人航天工程从一开始就占据了高的起点。

一代一代“飞控人”清醒地认识到,在落后美国、俄罗斯几十年后搞载人航天,正视差距的同时,唯有自主创新,才能尽快迎头赶上。

在工程论证、立项时,他们大胆提出技术大跨越的思路,跨过美俄从单舱到多舱的四十年历程,直接研制国际上第三代飞船,拿出了独具中国特色的三舱方案——带有轨道舱的三舱飞船,既可大大改善舱内的舒适性,在增加对接机构后,又可使之成为空间站与地面之间的天地往返运输工具,为载人航天的下一步发展打下基础。飞船完成在轨运行任务后,轨道舱继续留在轨道上运行,这样,在无人飞行试验阶段,就可以利用轨道舱开展大量的空间科学实验,其作用相当于一颗应用卫星,为科学实验获得了额外的空间应用效益。

通过建立月面信息大数据库,建立月球三维地理信息图;通过研发遥操作平台,提前摸索探测器登陆月球后操作控制的适用技术,不仅为登陆月球背面做好了充分的技术准备,而且为将来登陆火星甚至更远的地外天体奠定了技术基础。

创新者无一不是走在众人的前面、敢为人先的。亦步亦趋者永远不可能获得创新的成果。跑在队伍的前列,永远抢先一步,这就是创新者成功的原因。“在关键领域,如果我们一味地模仿、跟踪就永远赶不上外国人。”陈宏敏主任用了非常形象的一句话来形容,模仿、跟踪最好的研究成果也不过是外国花盆里的一朵花。

作为集中了众多高新技术的领域,载人航天从来都是国家智慧的重要制高点。从神舟一号到神舟十号,从嫦娥一号到绕月探测返回,中心组建20年来,以一次次完美表现,不断刷新我国航天飞控新高度。然而,在组建之初,他们面临的困难超乎想象。

“要人没人,要技术没技术,要装备没有装备。特别缺的就是办公微机,当初大家要编写程序编写方案,连微机都没有。”北京航天飞行控制中心第一任主任夏长法说。而此时,距离神舟一号发射只有3年时间。没有一行可用的软件代码,没有一套完整的飞控方案,他们用借来的计算机,设计着复杂的软件和轨道。

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