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学者:中国在南海舆论战太被动 值得好好学美国

2016-03-02 09:53:51   

美国海军俄亥俄号巡航导弹核潜艇抵达马来西亚沙巴州的塞潘加尔湾补给,这里是美军核潜艇巡航西太平洋时的一个重要补给点。

美国舆论战”技巧值得好好研究

刘海洋

近期以来,美国从行动、外交、舆论上多重出击,连续就南海问题向中国发难。先是派驱逐舰闯入中国西沙领海,继而炒作中国在西沙部署地空导弹,在南沙建设雷达设施。美军太总司令哈里斯也渲染“中国在东亚谋求军事霸权”。政府官方发声、媒体舆论炒作、学术机构解读,不得不说美方“组合拳”打得非常紧凑,掀起了话题讨论。中国外交、国防部门尽管每次都予以有力回应,但在西强中弱的国际舆论格局中,中国官方的有限声音总显得捉襟见肘。抛开中美双方在军事和外交层面的交锋不谈,仅从对外传播的角度分析,笔者认为美国南海“舆论战”的战术技巧值得认真梳理。

首先,在对外传播协调机制上,政府各部门统筹协调到位,官方、学界和媒体紧密配合。此次特点之一,是美官方发声层级高、渠道多、平台广,各种声音同频共振,并不时有匿名官员透漏消息。在炒作时机上,既有在军事行动前的舆论造势和试探,又有军事行动后的媒体跟进报道和渲染,形式灵活多样。

其次,在对外传播策略上,美方不断主动设置新的议题。南海问题发酵以来,美方针对中方岛礁扩建进程,配合自身外交议程和军事行动不断制造议题,使国际舆论总是跟着美国的议程设置走。尽管许多议题纯粹是为了方便指责中国生生制造出来的伪命题,但中方不得不被动应对。

第三,美国假借“讲规则、讲秩序”的名义通过炒作“中国违反国际法”争取国际道义支持。这其实是美方官员的一贯做法,此类抹黑通常表现为,大而化之地指责中国违反国际法,从不指出中国具体违反哪一条国际法规则,因为美国也找不出中国在自己主权范围内搞建设违反哪一条国际法,纯粹是为了方便在舆论上指责中国,通过廉价新闻标题收买到国际道义的支持。

第四,在炒作南海“军事化”议题上奉行典型的双重标准,很多情况下为在舆论上抹黑中国罔顾事实刻意制造新闻。

第五,美国凭借霸权和语言文化优势垄断国际舆论,同时使中国面临天然的沟通和传播障碍。

逐项与美国相比,中国在南海舆论上的被动态势显而易见。要改变这种态势,首先要从观念上改变对对外传播工作地位作用的认识,不再仅仅把新闻发布部门当成“嘴”而不让其参与“大脑”决策,通过各部门联动形成合力,主动设置议程,加强公关策划。

其次要多利用外媒、多使用外语进行对外传播。在国内国际两个舆论场的互动联系更加紧密的形势下,南海问题上的对内宣传很多,但无法在国际舆论场传播和落地,国际舆论场的引导和塑造依然是中国的弱项和短板,这在处理外交、国防等国家安全议题上尤为突出。客观上讲,美方舆论霸权和英语语言形成的天然障碍很难打破,目前形势下只能顺势而为。在发挥内媒主观能动性的同时,多使用外语进行对外传播,提高我们在国际上的声音。例如在适当的时候,选择适当的地点,组织外媒赴南海采访。这样既展示中国在南沙岛礁建设意图上的开放透明,又体现中国对相关海域的有效管辖。▲(作者是中国南海研究协同创新中心研究员)

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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