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美国拿朝鲜没办法就拿中国撒气

2016-01-28 09:06:26   环球网

1月26日,美国国务卿克里抵达北京。两天的时间内,他先是与中国外长王毅会谈并共同会见记者,之后又在今天得到了习近平的接见。

来北京之前,克里去了老挝、柬埔寨。在老挝,当被问到如何与中国谈论朝鲜问题时,克里称,期待与中方就“这个星球上最危险的议题之一”的朝核问题进行严肃的对话。而他此行的目的,就是要“探讨大家今后如何以聪明和深思熟虑的方式行动,以便在朝鲜核问题上获得结果”。

从月初朝鲜进行核试验并声称自己拥有氢弹以来,韩国、美国、中国已经分别就此表态。这个“最危险的议题”,还有没有解决的方法?侠客岛(微信:xiake_island)与岛友复旦大学朝鲜与韩国中心主任郑继永就此展开了探讨。

向中国撒气?

侠客岛 :朝鲜核试验之后,各方立场一致,坚决反对朝鲜拥核。但耐人寻味的是两件事:第一,7号,克里称“中国以往对待朝鲜的政策是失败的,必须改变”;第二,13号,朴槿惠在青瓦台发表讲话,呼吁中国政府能参与进来,并“坚信中国会为制裁朝鲜发挥作用”。为什么美韩会有这样的说法?

郑继永 :说实话,美国和韩国现在对于朝鲜核试验拿出的解决方案并不多,因此就把怨气和问题的原因都归结到了中国身上,所谓“外交失败论”、“中国要付出更多责任”等,都是这样。中国已经说了,朝鲜半岛的和平、稳定、无核化是三个战略目标,所有的解决方案都要围绕这个来。但是美韩在此问题上的应对是什么?用更大的军事威胁来应对朝鲜核威胁,这种不恰当的手段,才使半岛安全局势不断上升和恶化。这是军事、制裁手段的失败,而不是中国提出的对话和和平谈判解决方式的失败。事实上,中国在六方会谈的“919声明”和联合国通过214决议、遏制朝核问题发展上,起到了非常关键的作用。

侠客岛 :中方的表态也很明确。华春莹对克里的说法表示“不敢苟同”、“半岛核问题的由来和症结不在中国”;王毅的说法则是“中国的立场是光明磊落的”、“不会受一时一事影响,不会因喜怒哀乐而改变”;而新华社的英文评论则指出,半岛局势的恶化,“终究都可以归结于山姆大叔毫不妥协的敌意,从针对朝鲜声誉不间断的诋毁,对该国的制裁、孤立和激怒,让朝鲜感受到深深的不安,并由此将这个国家推向核问题上的一意孤行”。在您看来,问题的症结到底在哪里?

郑继永 :回顾历史可以看到,凡是在朝鲜半岛最紧张的时候,美国方案往往是非常硬的方案,不是为了解决某个具体问题本身,往往是由一个小问题,造成了更多的问题。

比如1994年,当时美朝达成了核框架协议之后,那是解决半岛核问题的最佳时机,因为朝鲜已经承诺弃核。但后来,美国一换政府,觉得协议执行起来困难大,朝鲜政权又岌岌可危,于是就没有诚心诚意解决问题,反而走向军事制裁、军事打击,让朝鲜觉得美国没有诚意解决问题,在这个最佳时机之后,反而问题更严重了。到了第二次核危机,朝鲜已经把宁边的反应堆都炸了,当时已经比较良性了,但是美国突然又提出搞金融制裁。这对朝鲜的刺激很大,最后一刻又没有解决。

可以说,在双方都没有履行协议的情况下,半岛的危机不断推升。就责任本身来说,包括美朝、美韩,可以说责任相当,不能单独怨某一方。

现在美韩又在讨论在韩国部署萨德反导系统的问题。在我看来,首先,萨德解决不了核问题;更重要的是,萨德可能引发中俄不安。如果萨德系统在半岛落地,对东北亚的安全维系,对中美俄三个大国的安全架构来说冲击会非常大,甚至可能远远超过核问题本身,因此韩国要非常慎重地考虑这件事。如果这件事成行,不仅造成中国安全关注、战略关注的点移到半岛,俄美之间的战略对抗前沿也可能到这里。我们知道,对俄罗斯的战略压力,西方和美国在波兰的反导系统,已经让俄罗斯往西走的路堵上了;这次在东边部署反导体系,则可能进一步刺激俄罗斯。

事实上,根据朝中社报道,最近金正恩在表彰核爆实验人员时就已经说了,“美国和其追从势力正在制裁朝鲜,美军向半岛出动了战略力量,导致半岛紧张局势不断升温,让半岛笼罩核战争的乌云”。

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