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西班牙媒体:中国不搞门罗主义 不会恢复朝贡制度

2014-07-07 10:58:01   环球网

【环球军事报道】西班牙欧亚评论网7月5日文章,原题:反思中国的“门罗主义”

近来,有关亚洲安全的讨论越来越多地谈及“门罗主义”。专家学者警告,中国将采取自己的“门罗主义”主导亚洲并“把美国踢出去”。貌似亚洲很快将“回到未来”,太平洋地区中美新冷战迫在眉睫。然而,中国版“门罗主义”的说法是错误的。

首先,中国目前没有实力主导亚洲。其军费不到美国的1/3。在软实力方面,尽管有人称赞“中国模式”,但在让外界欢迎其文化和政治价值方面,它仍远远落后。简言之,中国各方面实力仍与美国有很大差距。即便最终赶上后者,由于全球化和经济互相依赖的结果,也仍无法领导亚洲。

其次,中国从未想要主导亚洲。其领导人倡导民族复兴的“中国梦”,但非“亚洲梦”。北京考虑的是鸦片战争以来的“百年屈辱”,而非中央王国的“纳贡制度”。没有哪个中国领导人想重建以中国为中心的秩序,中国一直在融入国际社会,尊重国家主权、不干涉别国内政。无疑,经济发展令中国更强大。但强大未必意味着侵略和控制。纵观历史,中国想要的是尊重和在国际体系中的适当地位。

既然中国没在搞自己的门罗主义,为何如今会闹出外交和领土争端?有两种可能的解释。

一,中国外交还在经历一些战略调整,正在寻找在世界政治中像大国一样行事的大战略。如今中国国力在近代历史上前所未有。做大国不容易,特别是做负责任的大国。中国需要反思自己的外交政策,考虑如何以行而非以言来强化“和平崛起”的承诺。对北京的政策制定者而言,有一个学习的过程。

二,中国的咄咄逼人可能是其与外部世界“谈判过程”的一部分。随着实力增长,在与外部世界(特别是美国)打交道时,北京自然要争取新的地位和条件。当前中国与别国关系的纷扰,或许就是正常的“谈判过程”。此过程中,双方都想要试探对方的底线。

那么,亚洲国家应担心中国的“门罗主义”吗?为时尚早。亚洲国家需要尽可能影响中国的政策选择,而不应夸大其威胁或采取相应做法。北京需要时间完成战略调整,与外部世界达成新协议。亚洲国家要让北京知道,国际社会欢迎一个强大和负责任的中国,而非傲慢的中央王国。未来,中国的“门罗主义”或许令人担心,但眼下亚洲应该有的是新的“尼克松主义”——美国让亚洲盟友“自理”。▲(作者何凯为犹他州州立大学政治学副教授,汪北哲译)

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