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中美新型军事关系开局良好未来可期

2014-04-07 13:50:19   环球网

4月7日,美国国防部长哈格尔将对中国进行访问,这是继2011年1月盖茨、2012年9月帕内塔之后美国国防部长再次访华。三年内三位国防部长相继访华,既表明双方对发展中美军事关系的高度重视,也表明两军关系加快发展的强劲势头。

2013年下半年以来,中美新型军事关系稳步推进。2013年6月,中国国家主席习近平访美,与美国总统奥巴马一致同意构建中美新型大国关系。之后不久,两军达成构建中美新型军事关系的共识。与此相伴的,是中美军事关系的快速发展,主要表现在三个方面:一是高层交往频密。自2013年6月习主席访美后,8月国防部长常万全访美,与美国国防部长哈格尔就落实两国元首共识和发展两军关系进行了深入交流。今年3月美国陆军参谋长奥迪尔诺访华,双方就加强两国陆军合作达成重要共识。二是联合军演明显增多。2013年8月,中国海军和美海军在亚丁湾举行联合反海盗演习,中国“哈尔滨”号导弹驱逐舰、“微山湖”号综合补给舰及美军“梅森”号导弹驱逐舰参加。9月,中美两国海军在夏威夷附近海域举行了复杂条件下海上联合搜救演习,双方派出4艘舰艇。11月,中美两军在美国夏威夷举行人道主义救援减灾联合实兵演练,这是中国军队首次派出实兵到美国本土举行演习。今年2月,中国首次派分队参加由美国和泰国主办的“金色眼镜蛇”多国联合演习。今年夏天,中国军队还将应邀参加美国主办的“环太平洋-2014”多国联合军演。三是双方积极对话沟通。两军积极利用国防部防务磋商、海上军事安全磋商、国防部工作会晤等机制,探讨中美重大军事行动相互通报机制,研究有关中美公海海域海空军事安全行为准则。

中美一致同意构建新型军事关系、推动两军交流对话与合作不是偶然的,而是两国深思熟虑后做出的战略决断。许多人将中美关系称为世界上最复杂的双边关系,之所以复杂,是因为两国利益既有共赢的一面,也有冲突的一面。这就需要对中美军事关系加以管理,确保两国利益的共同面始终大于冲突面,推动两军为友的因素始终大于推动两军对抗的因素,把“对抗与冲突”关在“合作与共赢”的笼子里。

中美新型军事关系之所以“新”,是因为它不同于过去常见的那些模式。第一,它不同于建国后至中美建交期间以“敌对”为特征的中美军事关系。第二,它不同于1979至1989年,中美共同面对苏联威胁、以“准盟友”为特征的中美军事关系。第三,它不同于1989年后20多年来,以“走走停停、时断时续”为特征的中美军事关系。它必然是一种新型关系,是在中美两国实力差距缩小、共同利益扩大背景下,以“不冲突不对抗、相互尊重、合作共赢”为目标的一种关系。

中美两国差异很大,社会制度、意识形态、文化传统、发展阶段、周边安全环境等,都有显著差异。这些差异极易导致两军对同一问题有不同、甚至相反的理解。越是这样,两军就越需要保持密切沟通。有沟通才有了解,有了解才有理解,有理解才有信任。两军长期战略互信差,重要原因是沟通不够。沟通不仅有益于增进互信,而且有益于危机管控,防止误读误判。克服战略互信差的一付良剂就是加强合作。务实合作既是两军战略互信改善的见证,也必然有助于进一步增强两军的战略互信。

中美两军关系呈现积极发展势头,并不表明双方的矛盾已明显减少,考虑到两国国家利益的差异性甚至冲突性,有些矛盾可能长期存在。例如,多年前中方就提出阻碍中美军事关系深入发展有“三大障碍”,即美国对台军售、美国长期在中国海上专属经济区进行舰机侦察、美国《2000年国防授权法》在12个领域限制中美军事交流,这些问题到现在为止都没有从根本上解决。又比如在南海问题上,美国部分官员罔顾事实,对中国妄加指责,对菲律宾等国却明显袒护。实际上,无论是从中美关系出发,还是从美自身利益出发,美方都应以实际行动坚持不介入、不选边站队的立场,不发出错误信号,避免一些声索国以为有美支持而采取更多的挑衅行动。解决这些矛盾和问题,关键是美国要尊重中国的核心利益和重大关切,两国在维护地区和平与稳定的共识下相向而行。一方面加强交流与沟通,提升合作水平,增进战略互信。另一方面加强危机管控,防止矛盾演化为危机,进而干扰构建中美新型大国关系和军事关系大局。

总之,去年以来中美军事关系呈现良好发展的局面,不论是对中美两国总体关系的发展,还是对地区和平与稳定都具有重要意义。尽管还存在不少矛盾和问题,但我们期待,在构建中美新型大国关系和新型军事关系的背景下,也借着哈格尔防长的访华之行,中美军事关系势必将继续稳步向前发展。 (军事科学院中美防务关系研究中心副主任、研究员 赵小卓)

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