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《心灵猎人》想证明“没有人是一座孤岛”

2017-11-10 13:42:43   新华网

【新剧导航】

《心灵猎人》选取了FBI匡提科建立行为科学部之初作为素材,整部剧都在讲犯罪心理学走过的历程——每一门学科都是在“试错”中成长,付出发展所必需的代价。

关键词“关系

破案的关键是与罪犯建立联系

对犯罪心理学这门科学有相当研究基础的人来说,《心灵猎手》男主角福特的探索很粗糙,看得人暗暗发笑,回头一想他处于起步阶段,又不得不佩服他的勇气和超群的智力。反过来,普通观众没有多少犯罪心理的基础知识,难免看着坠入迷魂阵。

导演大卫·芬奇接受访谈时说:“对我来说这些杀手的外皮下都是可悲的人类,在骇人的环境中长大。这不是在夸大我们应该给他们多少同情,这只是一个简单的事实。”整部电视剧都在讲“环境”,而构成环境最重要的因素便是“关系”。探员福特面对罪犯时奇奇怪怪的言语和行为,其目的不外是与罪犯建立关系,在聆听中了解犯罪心理过程,以形成犯罪心理成体系的理论知识。

怎么与他人建立关系?很多人使用的办法是显示自己多么强大、多才多艺,这是展示魅力,用以吸引人。实际上,快速建立关系适合的办法是跟随,跟随对方的节奏。催眠技术炉火纯青的大师艾瑞克森,他使用跟随技术到达了极致,可以调整呼吸、心跳与对方同步,以此达到生理上共振的气场。福特使用的技术没那么玄,只是通过身体语言摆出打开自我的姿态。“跟”上了连环强奸杀人犯肯普尔放松、随意的节奏。

福特甚至使用了对方感到舒适的语言:贬低并物化受害者,津津乐道于犯罪带来的快感。有个笑话,精神病人蹲在角落里,自称是蘑菇。于是精神科大夫也走过去蹲着,他说他也是一朵蘑菇。专业地讲它是精神科大夫通过病患的眼睛看世界,可以算是心理咨询的技术“共情”:我和你一样,能感受到你所感受的一切,我能理解你。福特做的事和精神科大夫蹲下去做一朵蘑菇十分类似,当一个变态杀人狂完全不为周围的人、社会所理解、接纳时,可以想见遇到一个“同类”该是如何欣喜,迅速建立起关系不在话下。

福特通过告诉罪犯自己的私事(心理咨询术语叫自我开放、自我暴露),与罪犯建立关系。他的搭档不喜欢这么做,谈了自己的私事后感到很不舒服。因为自我开放并建立起关系,它是一个互动的过程,在关系中人们互相影响。心理咨询师面对的大多是有心理困扰的正常人,有条件、有限度地自我开放有利于建立关系,卷入小,对咨询师造成生活上的困扰概率就比较小。连环杀手都是心理变态的罪犯,和他们建立关系,卷入他们的生活中,对心理健康的要求非常高。

关键词“代价”

每一门学科都是在试错中成长

福特与连环强奸杀人犯建立起关系后,不可避免地成为对方生活的一部分。罪犯肯普尔在一生中和他人都缺少连接,父亲抛弃了家庭,母亲刻毒又控制。福特的跟随、共情使肯普尔平生第一次感觉生命与他人相关,感觉有了人生第一个朋友。肯普尔在医院里陈述他想保有这个“关系”,福特深知他拥有关系的惯常做法是杀死对方,死亡恐惧降临,在恐慌中终于感知到女朋友离开之前那段叙述何其正确:这份工作已经影响到了他的生活。

看到这里,观众大多感叹“凝视深渊的同时被深渊凝视”,这话既对也不对。依此说,工作在第一线的犯罪心理专家岂非个个问题严重?在医学体系较为完善的发达国家,成为执业的精神分析师一般要培养十年,福特缺少专业训练也是他受到大影响的原因之一。然而,这就是匡提科犯罪心理学走过的历程,每一门学科都是在“试错”中成长,付出发展所必需的代价。

正如大卫·芬奇所言,我们看完电视并不是要去同情这些连环杀手。我们可以尝试去了解,在了解的途中,似乎有些观众陷入了环境因果论的绝对结论中,认为:一个人在童年父亲缺位,在母亲羞辱、贬低的打骂中长大,缺少温暖的关系,因此就长成了连环杀手。

我们必须要强调,骇人的环境和成为连环杀手之间是相关关系,不是因果关系。这一观点,在同以匡提科为素材的美剧《犯罪心理》中多次谈到。探员摩根幼年受到性侵,他长大后成为了FBI。“(受害人中)有些人成为了你们(罪犯),有些人则成为抓捕你们的人,比如我。”人格受遗传、环境和个体特点影响共同形成,肯普尔成为连环杀人犯,与他童年遭受的残酷虐待密切相关,但是成为罪犯并不是绝对、唯一的选择和可能。

比起《犯罪心理》,本剧所描述的匡提科工作环境更加现实。正常情况下,一个单位会像《心灵猎人》,同事之间关系复杂,互相之间意见、观点有异,会出现争执甚至吵架,而且不可避免会出现人品相对低劣一些的人员。《犯罪心理》里完美无缺的同事关系只存在于童话中。如果说整部剧建立在大卫·芬奇对“关系”的深刻理解上,应当不为过。

□翠红(专栏作家)

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