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包拯是宋朝人,而“包公戏”是在元朝兴起的,在后来的数百年间,包公审案的故事被编入杂剧、南戏、话本、评书、小说、清京剧,以及众多地方戏中;近代以来,包公案”还被多次改编成影视剧。然而,作为一种在宋代文明湮灭之后才兴起的民间曲艺,“包公戏”的故事几乎都是草野文人编造出来的,而现代影视剧更是加了好多”料“。
包公不可能手持尚方宝剑
就如《封神榜》中的各路神仙登场必亮出法宝,“包公案”的包青天也携带着皇帝御赐、代表最高权力的各类道具,例如“龙头铡”“虎头铡”“狗头铡”,还有一个至高权力代表—尚方宝剑。
宋代并没有向大臣御赐尚方宝剑、赋予其专杀大权的制度,要到明代万历年间,才出现了尚方宝剑之制,皇帝才赋予持剑人“如朕亲临”“先斩后奏”的超级权力。包公的三口铡刀更是民间文人幻想出来的刑具,历代都未见将铡刀列为行刑工具,很可能是入元之后,民间文人从蒙古人用于铡草的铡刀获得灵感,才想到了给包公打造一副铜铡的情节。
事实上,宋人的法制观念是排斥免死金牌的。他们说:“法者,天子所与天下共也……故王者不辨亲疏,不异贵贱,一致于法。”宋太宗曾想庇护犯法的亲信陈州团练使陈利,他自恃受太宗宠爱,杀人枉法,被朝臣弹劾,本应处死刑,但太宗有意袒护他,说:“岂有万乘之主不能庇一人乎?”宰相赵普抗议道:“此巨蠹犯死罪十数。陛下不诛,则乱天下法。法可惜,此一竖子,何足惜哉。”最后太宗不得不同意判陈利用死刑。皇帝本人也庇护不了犯罪的亲信,何况免死金牌?
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