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追问教授性骚扰事件:哲学界或许对女性不公

2016-05-26 17:59:56   澎湃新闻网

耶鲁大学著名哲学家涛慕斯·博格(Thomas Pogge)即将被起诉的事情,这两天持续发酵。美国媒体Buzzfeed报道了对博格多年来利用自己在哲学界的地位,不断性骚扰学生的指控。Buzzfeed的报道出来以后,学界、网络都已经乱成一团,为他背书的开始背书,指责的继续指责。尽管博格写了六页的回应,顺便还试图抨击一下网络舆论的不正义,但是这个事件远没有过去。

博格性骚扰学生的丑闻其实早在几年前就已经被举报和揭露,在学界中并非什么新事。这些年也很多跟哲学系相关的性骚扰性侵犯案件渐渐被报道出来。比如前几年迈阿密大学著名哲学家Colin McGinn因性侵犯案件被举报(最后竟然只是他辞职就结束了),2014年初美国西北大学哲学系一位研究生受到教授性侵犯案件(最后还竟然不了了之,受害者甚至还被著名哲学博客The Leiter Reports博主Brian Leiter恶意批评。)等等。2012年的时候我仍在美国圣母大学,我的几位研究生女同学也针对哲学系里一位教授向学校提出性骚扰举报,才发现该教授之前就已经收到过学生的性骚扰举报,可是学校却迟迟没有作出任何回应。

诸如此类报道了或者没有被报道的哲学系教授性骚扰女学生的事件,不停地发生。我们也许是时候去追问,这些事件的发生与哲学本身到底有没有关系?哲学本身歧视女性吗?

2008年,美国麻省理工大学哲学系教授Sally Haslanger在著名女性哲学期刊Hypatia发表了一篇文章控诉主流哲学界对女性的种种不公平和歧视。文章的开篇,Haslanger教授就表达了她强烈的感受:

“在我心中有着一股深深的愤怒。我对我自己在哲学中长期受到的待遇感到愤怒;我也对我认识的其他人所受到的待遇感到愤怒;我更对影响着哲学中多数女性和少数人群并最终驱使她们离开哲学的整个环境和条件感到愤怒。大部分时候我只好压抑这股愤怒,将其紧紧封着。”

我们可以感受到在一个学术杂志上表达的这种愤怒情感。不少从事哲学的女性都曾经感受过来自哲学圈的敌意。这些敌意在哲学界内外比比皆是。由古至今,不管是哲学家还是伪哲学家,总有人提出女性不适合做哲学的论断。当我们去理解哲学为何,去想象哲学家是什么样子时,我们不自觉出现的哲学家形象便是:理性、沉思、学究……,然后呢?男人。每每设想哲学家的形象时,不自觉我们会将其设定为一个男性。纵观历史,被认定是重要哲学家的似乎都是男性。从泰勒斯到亚里士多德,从笛卡尔到康德,从霍布斯到密尔,学习哲学史时需要学习的哲学家几乎清一色是男性。这种不自觉的想象,无形是一种敌意。这些敌意到底来自哪里?是哲学环境的错,还是哲学本身便有问题呢?这非常值得我们去反思。

从事哲学的女性在当下哲学界中受到十分不公平的待遇。Haslanger在文章中提出了多种数据简单说明这个问题。Haslanger教授从事形而上学的研究,在她研究生阶段,遇到不少直接针对她女性身份从事形而上学这种所谓核心哲学研究进行嘲讽或劝退的说法。Haslanger同时也是许多女性学生团体咨询的对象,常常收到各种哲学界中歧视及性骚扰的报告。除了这些个人经验之外,Haslanger还从几个方面简单整理了她所获得数据,展示哲学界中女性所受的不公。比如Haslanger收集整理了哲学界七个顶级期刊2002-2007年五年间所刊登专文中女性作者占的比例。全部898篇专文中,女性作者的文章只有111篇,占12.36%。其中最好的是Ethics期刊,女性作者文章占19.3%;最差的是Mind,141篇文章中女性作者文章只占9篇,占6.38%。这个数据还不包括期刊中的讨论文章,其中95%都是男性作者。另外,在2007年,这七个顶级杂志的编委成员总共有100人(Journey of Philosophy数据缺失),女性编委成员只有17人。其中Philosophical Review14名编委成员中仅3位女性,Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 56名编委成员,女性只有9人。令人惊讶的还在于,Haslanger发现,许多顶级期刊并没有实际上采取匿名审稿制,审稿人可以直接知道稿件作者。甚至一些杂志实际上根本就在编辑部中进行了全部的审稿选稿,并没有外派给审稿人。这意味着,作者的性别是可能成为选稿的考量因素的。

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