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从希腊女妖到敦煌乐神的嬗变

2017-03-20 14:04:32   文汇报

古希腊人让阿波罗和他手下的缪斯女神掌管音乐,同时又让塞壬掌握了音乐的魔力。这究竟是为哪般?

苏格拉底把塞壬视为对神之权威的挑战,并坚称塞壬的歌声最终会引导人走向德性,而非死亡。这些想法被柏拉图忠实记载在《会饮篇》中。

古希腊各城邦的公民也对塞壬偏爱有加。这些奇异的生物,出现在了各种日用品和艺术品上。对它们的刻画,仿佛让大家感到一种罪恶的快感。

塞壬甚至“混”进了君主的军队里。亚里士多德的学生,马其顿国王亚历山大对打造一个统一的、横跨欧亚非三块大陆的帝国充满热情。公元前4世纪,在征服了波斯帝国以后,他又把目光对准了印度。但印度炎热难耐的气候、不可预测的瘟疫、皮糙肉厚的象兵,最终令他吃尽苦头,铩羽而归。

在这场艰苦的战斗中,塞壬却似乎找到了新的栖息之所,在南亚次大陆舒展双翅、婉转娇啼。在古印度西北部的健陀罗、在中北部的秣菟罗,住宅、器皿、墓穴乃至随身的饰物上,都出现了这人首鸟身、善于歌唱的小精灵。只是,似乎彼时正在蓬勃发展的佛教,用善念涤荡了塞壬原本的恶质。它不再以歌喉魅惑众生,更不以血肉为食,而是一心侍奉佛陀,并用美丽的音韵,将佛陀慈悲的精神播撒给众生。

于是,古印度的佛教徒们,用梵语赋予了塞壬一个新的名字:迦陵频伽。汉语后意译为:妙音鸟。此后,这个名字在佛教典籍中频频出现。《慧苑音义》云:“迦陵频伽,此云妙音鸟,此鸟本出雪山,在壳中即能鸣,其音和雅,听者无厌。”《正法念经》中说:“山谷旷野,其中多有迦陵频伽,出妙音声。如是美音,若天若人,紧那罗等无所及音,唯除如来言声。”《妙法莲华经》卷六:“山川岩谷中,迦陵频伽声,命命等诸鸟,悉闻其音声。”

事实上,在亚历山大开始东征西讨之前的数百年里,希腊文明就已负载在商品贸易上,越过高山与大海,浸润了欧亚非三块大陆的许多地方。亚历山大在开疆辟土之时,尤其注重传播希腊的文教。在他的推动下,包括塞壬在内的各种希腊文化元素,在马其顿大军用铁蹄开垦的土地上播种生根,并与当地的原生文化相结合,绽放出别致的花朵。塞壬就是如此,它恶骨尽化、重生为侍奉佛陀的乐神迦陵频伽。

大约在亚历山大撤兵之后的100年,公元前3世纪,印度的孔雀王朝迎来了第三位国王——笃信佛教的阿育王。为了弘扬佛法,阿育王选派使者赴四方传播教义,其中一队一路向北,到达了阿姆河流域,也就是现在的阿富汗一带,《史记》称之为“妫水”。与此同时,饱受匈奴侵扰之苦的大月氏人,从伊犁河迁徙到了阿姆河。他们很快皈依了佛教,成为虔诚的教徒。而在公元前128年左右,艰苦跋涉十年、几番死里逃生的张骞终于来到这里,向大月氏的国王提出,与西汉联手打击匈奴的提议。

沿着张骞开辟的丝绸之路,曾经的塞壬、新生的迦陵频伽一路东行,与清脆的驼铃和低沉的梵音交织唱和,在龟兹、楼兰、大宛、且末等西域诸国蹁跹而舞,并最终将倩影留在了敦煌的墙壁上。希腊文明、印度文明和中华文明在此纠缠、互采、熔融、大盛。

在敦煌第172窟《观无量寿经变》中,画之四角,迦陵频伽或手捧莲花,献于菩萨;或吹笛弄竽,乐于职司。同希腊与印度时期相比,不仅多了一双人手,躯干也由鹰隼变成尾羽蓬大摇曳的凤凰。唯其喜好音乐之癖不变,执掌音乐之职不变。数千年前、数万里外,塞壬就这样乘着歌声的翅膀,自希腊而印度、自印度而西域、自西域而敦煌。

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